Benigno Aquino III-President of the Philippines

Benigno Aquino III

Benigno Aquino III Biography
Benigno Simeon "Noynoy" Cojuangco Aquino III (born February 8, 1960, age 52 years) was elected President of the Philippines, which won the 2010 Philippine presidential election with 15,208,678 valid votes. Political party is the Liberal Party of the Philippines. He is a member of the Philippine Senate. He is also a son of the former only Philippine President Corazon Aquino and former Philippine Senator Benigno Aquino, Jr..


Early life and education

Benigno Simeon "Noynoy" Cojuangco Aquino III was born on February 8, 1960 in Manila. He is the third of five children of Benigno Aquino, Jr., who was then Deputy Governor of the province of Tarlac, and Corazon Cojuangco-Aquino. He has four sisters, Maria Elena (Ballsy) Aquino-Cruz, Aurora Corazon (Pinky) Aquino-Abellada, Victoria Elisa (Viel) Aquino-Dee, and Kristina Bernadette (Kris) Aquino. He attended the Ateneo de Manila University in Quezon City for the elementary school, high, and higher education.

He graduated in 1981 with a Bachelor in Economics. He is one of the students of the former economics professor at the Ateneo de Manila University, former President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.
In September 1972, Aquino's father, who was a senator and a leading opposition leader to President Ferdinand Marcos, was arrested for subversion. In August 1973, Aquino's father was taken to a military court in Fort Bonifacio. On August 25, 1973, Aquino's father wrote to his son from Fort Bonifacio, giving advice to his son.;

"The only advice I can give you: Live with honor and follow your conscience.
There is no greater nation on earth of the country. No larger than our own people. Serve them with all your heart, with all your strength and with all thy might.
Children, the ball is now in your hands.
In 1980, after a series of heart attacks, allowed Aquino's father to seek medical treatment in the United States, where the Aquino family began a period of seclusion. In 1981, shortly after graduating, joined the Aquino family in the United States.
In 1983, after three years in exile in the United States, the Aquino family returned to the Philippines, shortly after the assassination of his father on August 21, 1983. He had a brief tenure as a member of the Philippine Business Social Progress, working as an assistant executive director of PBSP. He then joined the Mondragon Industries Philippines, Inc. as a Sales Supervisor Retail assistant and assistant campaign manager for Nike Philippines, Inc..
From 1986 to 1992, during her presidency, Aquino joined the Intra-Strata Assurance Corporation, a company owned by his uncle Antolin Oreta, Jr., as vice president.
On August 28, 1987, eighteen months into President Aquino's mother, a rebel army led by Gregorio Honasan launched a failed coup attempt, trying to siege of Malacanang Palace. Aquino two blocks from the palace when he came under fire. Three of the four security guards were killed Aquino, and the last one was injured protecting him. He was himself hit by five bullets, one of which is still embedded in his neck
From 1993 to 1998, he worked for the Central Azucarera de Tarlac, the sugar refinery in charge of the Cojuangco-owned Hacienda Luisita, as an executive assistant for administration from 1993 to 1996, then he worked as a field service manager 1996-1998.

Thein Sein,President of Myanmar

Thein Sein

Thein Sein Biography
Thein Sein is the President of Myanmar since February 4, 2011, previously served as Prime Minister from 2007 to 2011.

political career


prime minister

Thein Sein was appointed in April 2007 as interim prime minister, replacing Soe Win, who is undergoing medical treatment. Thein Sein became Soe Win a permanent replacement on October 24, 2007 after the death of Soe Win on October 12, 2007.


Thein Sein holds the junta's first secretary in the government of the State Peace and Development Council. He is the fourth highest ranked generals in the country, and also served as head of the Government Commission on the government-sponsored National Convention. Thein Sein high-level negotiations with Bangladesh and Cambodia.


After his official appointment as prime minister, he was promoted to full general from lieutenant jenderal.Pada first state visit outside Myanmar as prime minister, Thein Sein high-level negotiations with Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia.

General elections 2010

As Chairman of the Union Solidarity and Development Party, one of the participants party elections in 2010 in Myanmar, he and his party emerged as the winner. On February 4, 2011, Sein elected by parliament as president and became the first civilian president after the military government for nearly 50 years. Tin Aung Myint Oo and Sai Mauk Kham was chosen as vice president

Antonio Segni,President Republic of Italy to-4

Antonio Segni

Antonio Segni (born in Sassari, Italy, February 2, 1891 - died in Rome, Italy, December 1, 1972 at age 81 years) is an Italian politician who has served as President Republic of Italy in the period 1962-1964.
Segni was born in Sassari (Sardinia). He served Italian Prime Minister for two terms (1955-1957, 1959-1960). Later, he was elected President Republic of Italy on May 6, 1962 (854:443 votes). He resigned from office on December 6, 1964 after suffering a paralytic attack. He is a professor of law at the University of Sassari.
Segni was the father of Mario Segni, better known as Mariotto. On his tenure as president, he was accused of attempting a coup with General Giovanni De Lorenzo.

Giovanni Gronchi.President Republic of Italy to-3

Giovanni Gronchi

Giovanni Gronchi Biography
Giovanni Gronchi (10 September 1887-17 October 1978) is an Italian politician who became the second President of the Republic of Italy from 1955 to 1962, replacing Luigi Einaudi. His presidency was marked by a controversial and failed attempt to create an "openness to the left" in Italian politics.


Early life and political career

Gronchi was born in Pontedera, Tuscany, and is one of the first members of the Christian movement, founded the Catholic priest Don Romolo Murri in 1902. Gronchi get his first title in literature and philosophy at the Scuola Normale in Pisa. Between 1911 and 1915 he worked as a high school teacher for classical subjects in a number of Italian cities (Parma, Massa di Carrara, Bergamo and Monza).


In World War I he became a volunteer and after the war ended in 1919 he became one of the founders of Italian People's Party (PPI) are Catholic. He was elected to the parliament to Pisa in the second parliamentary elections in 1919 and 1921. He became a union leader in the Italian Confederation of Christian Workers, and in 1922-1923 he became Junior Minister for Industry and Commerce in Mussolini's first government. But in April 1923, the People's Party's national conference held in Turin decided to withdraw all government representatives from the PPI. He returned to his old role as the leader of the Catholic union, and trying to deal with the daily violence inflicted by fascist units.


In 1924, after Luigi Sturzo resigned from his post as Secretary of the PPI, Gronchi became leader of the party, together with two members of the "triumvirate" (triad) Other, (Spataro and Rodino). Gronchi was re-elected to Parliament in the same year, then joined the opposition anti fasisi of what is known as the Aventine movement (from the hills of Rome where the opposition to resign from Parliament). In 1926 he was fired by the new regime of parliament.
Between 1925 and 1943 he interrupted his career. To shy away from having a member of the Fascist Party, he also resigned from his position as a school teacher, and seek a living by developing a career in business, first as a salesman and later as an industrialist.

After World War II

In the 1943-1944 he became one of the founders of the Christian Democrats (DC) are new, and became a leader of the leftist faction, along with the likes of Giorgio La Pira, Giuseppe Dossetti and Enrico Mattei (later to become boss ENI , the Italian government-owned petrochemical giant). He is also a member of the Liberazione Comitato Nazionale, multi-party committee of the Italian Resistance, as the representative of his party.
Although often conflict with the majority of the members of his party and his secretary, Alcide De Gasperi, Gronchi served as Minister of Industry in 1944-1946 and as a member of the Constituent Assembly in 1946. In 1947, when the Cold War began, he was adamantly opposed to his party's decision to expel the party and the Socialist-Communist Parati Italy nasinoal of government. From 1948 until 1955 he was elected as President of the Italian House of Representatives (Lower House of Parliament).

President of Italy

In 1955 Luigi Einaudi tenure as the first President of the Republic of Italy ended, and Parliament must elect his successor. The new secretary DC, Amintore Fanfani, Cesare Merzagora promote a liberal for the job terseubt. At that time served as Chairman of the Senate Merzagora. However, the extreme right-wing party - led by Giuseppe Pella, Guido Gonella, Giulio Andreotti and Salvatore Scoca - join a trade union group left - led by Giovanni Pastore, Bo and Achille Giorgio Marazza - in a "rebellion" against the party leadership, to choose Giovanni Gronchi ("one parliament"). This effort has the support of Communist parties and the Socialists, and also of the right group of monarchists and neo-fassis. After a fierce struggle and the collapse of the front-centric, on 29 April 1955 Gronchi was elected President by 658 votes of 883. He was the first Catholic politician who became head of the Italian State.


His tenure lasted until 1962, and is characterized by the ambition to do the "openness to the left" in stages. With this approach, it is expected the Socialists and the Communist Party (which still Stalinists) will be invited back into the national government, and Italy would leave NATO, as well as being non-Bloc countries. But there is strong opposition from the parliament, particularly from the Liberal Party, a minor, which is considered an essential part of any majority.

In an effort to get out of this jam, in 1959 Gronchi appoint as Prime Minister a trusted member of the Catholic left-wing faction of his own, Fernando Tambroni, sent him to Parliament, with a "President", but without the majority of which have been terancang. But Tambroni was last in Parliament only through the support of the neo-fascist vote. "Openness to the left" that is not foreseen this raises serious consequences. In 1960 serious riots occurred in several Italian cities, especially in Genoa, Reggio Emilia and Licata. Police fired on demonstrators and causing five people menigngal world. Tambroni reign came to an end with the name of the defect: forced to resign, and replaced by a fully government dominated by Christian Democrats, the parliamentary majority that traditionally centrist.


Tambroni experiments which do not tarnish the reputation of this menggembirkan Gronchi forever, and until the end of his term he remains a weak president. In 1962 he tried to get a second mandate, with the strong help of Enrico Mattei, but this attempt failed and Antonio Segni elected. When he is no longer a head of state, he was a Senator for life, according to the Italian Constitution. He died in Rome on October 17, 1978 at an advanced age, 91 years old.

Consideration

For a thorough consideration of the historical period of his presidency, we must remember Tambroni failure, with his proposal for an authoritarian approach. But "openness to the left" as is memangt erjadi shortly after its mandate expires. Indeed, the first center-left coalition formed by Aldo Moro in 1964, when the Socialists (but excluding the Communists) entry into the government. In the 1970s, the Christian Democrats and the Communists tried to reach what is called Historic Compromise. Based on this, he may be praised for having the foresight that is important, and influences that affect long.


However, it is difficult to say that the political project actually closely related to the governments of the left-center which alternated in power between 1964 and 1992. In most of this period, the Communists increasingly kettat isolated than ever before, because of their defeat upon their former Socialist allies and because of the bitter conflict that followed them, especially after a Socialist leader Bettino Craxi. Pengaru-proven external influences come into play later as well. A Parliamentary report of 2000 concluded that illegal operations by Gladio "who stayed behind" supported by the U.S. are designed to "stop the PCI, and to some extent also the PSI (Italian Socialist Party), to elicit the executive power in the country. " After all, Italy to maintain the socio-economic structure as a market economy and foreign policy line.

Luigi Einaudi,President Republic of Italy to-2

Luigi Einaudi

Luigi Einaud Biography
Luigi Einaudi (March 24, 1874 - 30 October 1961) is a politician and economist Italy. He served as President of the Republic of Italy between 1948 to 1955.

Background

Einaudi was born in Carru, Cuneo Province, Piedmont. He completed his university in Turin, where she met socialist thinking and working with the magazine Critica Sociale diarahi by socialist leader Filippo Turati. In 1895 he graduated from university in law and later was appointed professor at the University of Turin, Turin Polytechnic University and University of Bocconi in Milan.

Early political career

From the beginning of the 20th century, Einaudi increasingly trending to a more conservative stance. In 1919 he was appointed as a senator Kingdom of Italy. He also worked as a newspaper reporter important in Italy, such as La Stampa and Il Corriere della Sera as well as financial koresponded for The Economist. He stopped working for the Italian newspaper since 1926, continued relationships with Corre della Sera profesionalya after the fall of the regime of fascism in 1943.


President of the Republic of Italy

On May 11, 1948 he was elected as President of the Republic of Italy is second. At the end of the seventh year as president, he became a Senator for Life.
Einaudi is a member of various cultural institutions, economic and universities. He also was a supporter of federalism for the European dream. He also manages activities in Dogliani garden, where he implemented the most advanced agricultural development his day.
Luigi Einaudi died in Rome in 1961.

Enrico De Nicola,President Republic of Italy

Enrico De Nicola

Enrico Roberto De Nicola (Naples, November 9, 1877 - Torre del Greco, October 1, 1959) is a lawyer, journalist, politician, and the Head of State (Head of State) while the first for the birth of a new republic in 1946-1948.



Biography

Enrico de Nicola was born in Naples and became famous as one of the most respected criminal lawyers in Italy. He was elected as a deputy for the first time in 1909 and fills a small political office until the emergence of fascism, when he retired from political life. He was appointed senator by King Victor Emmanuel III in 1926, but never took part in the work of parliament.


After 1943, when fascist regime ended, De Nicola may be the most influential mediator for the creation of the title "General Letnal Kingdom," which the king's son, Prince Umberto took over most of the functions of the King. After the monarchy ended, the Constituent Assembly chose De Nicola as Head of State while on the date of June 28, 1946 with 80% of the votes in the first round. Giulio Andreotti then remembered that De Nicola, mainly because of the unique kesantunannya, not sure whether to accept the nomination and frequently changed his mind in the face pendesakan by all the leaders of major political parties. Andreotti and wrote to him: "His Excellency, I ask that he made the decision to decide if he can accept to receive ..."


On June 25, 1947, De Nicola resigned, citing health reasons. However, the Constituent Assembly immediately chose him back a day later, have recognized the sign of nobility in his actions and humble themselves. After the Italian Constitution came into force, he was officially named as "President of the Republic of Italy" on January 1, 1948. He finally refused to kanditat in the first constitutional elections in May which Luigi Einaudi elected president.


De Nicola became senator for life, a position given to the former Head of State, and was subsequently elected President of the Senate and jugab by the Constitutional Court.
He died at Torre del Greco, Naples province in 1969.

Asif Ali Zardari ,President of Pakistan to 11

Asif Ali Zardari

Asif Ali Zardari (born July 22, 1955) is the President of Pakistan since 9 September 2008 from the Pakistan People's Party (Pakistan People's Party, PPP). Zardari is the husband of Benazir Bhutto (late) who had become Prime Minister of Pakistan. Before becoming president, he was jailed for 11 years. One case, he and his wife accused of stealing state funds amounting to 1.5 billion U.S. dollars or equivalent to Rp 14.18 trillion. In addition, he was also convicted for murder. There are at least two murder cases to drag his name.


In 1990, he was jailed for killing Murtaza proved Bukgara (employers) using controlled bomb from a distance. At that time, his wife has lost his power. When she rose again to power in 1993, he was free from prison and even appointed a minister. When Nawaz Sharif became prime minister, he faced the court and remanded in custody (1997-2004). He was convicted of killing his wife's brother, Murtaza Bhutto.


The smell of corruption and experience as a prisoner attached to the figure of Zardari was the breaking down, so eventually he was elected president. Though it was released from prison in 2004 and his name cleared of the 17 cases of corruption, murder and smuggling of narcotics and dangerous drugs (drugs) like he was never a deterrent so that the president and called "wolf man".


Corruption-related cases, he and his associates were accused of money the state earned about 200 million U.S. dollars or equivalent to Rp 1.89 trillion. The money received from the French military contractors as a thank you. Receive a "patch bay" is indeed one of his bad habits, so he was mocked as "Mr Ten Percent". Case "patch bay" the other is a Swiss company which carried out between 1994 and 1996. Money he had received made him included in the list of the top five richest man of Pakistan. But then his power as president as precarious. He became a figure of the most scorned by the people. In addition to the man dubbed as a womanizer, he threatened removed from office and prosecuted for various cases, including corruption over the past two decades.


Once elected president, he continued to undermined his authority as leader of the unscrupulous. He continued reviled, mocked, and reviled. The issue is the most widely spoken of which related to allegations of corruption. Throughout the history of Pakistan, he would become head of state who will go down in the conditions covered in the error. In fact, he rose to power with promises to uphold and restore the parliamentary law father-in-law introduced in 1973.


Amendments to the Act which was signed on Monday 18 April 10, 2010 will be repeated four decades of abuses by the military authorities of the constitution. The law changes that would cause it threatened removed from office and appointing new leaders of the influential military. Can also reduce the political tension heats up since he was elected president.


On December 6, 2011, he suffered a mild heart attack and underwent surgery in Dubai. With the absence of President Asif, Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani is responsible for the implementation of government

Pratibha Patil ,President of India to-12

Pratibha Patil

Pratibha Patil (born 19 December 1934) is the President of India is the 12th which is currently being served. It was a Congress politician of India. It was the first woman and first Maharashtrian successfully occupy that office. It is designated as President on 25 July 2007 by the Supreme Court of India K. G. Balakrishnan. It replaces Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.


Patil is a member of the Indian National Congress (INC) United Progressive Alliance nominated and Indian Left. It won the presidential elections conducted on 19 July 2007 on the competition, Bhairon Singh Shekhawat with a difference of 300,000 voters voice.


As a mentor lawyer, Patil is the messenger of the constituent Edlabad in Jalgaon District, Maharashtra from members of the Maharashtra Legislative Parliament (1962-1985). It is also the chief representative of the Rajya Sabha (1986-1988), Member of Parliament from Amravati in the Lok Sabha (1991-1996) of the 24, and the Governor of Rajasthan (2004-2007) first woman. It served as Governor of the state of Rajasthan to-16 (2004-2007) and served as chief representative of the Rajya Sabha (Indian parliament High Assembly) and as Members of the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra from 1962 to 1985.


Pratibha Patil is the first woman governor of Rajasthan, and is currently also the only woman who served as governor in the state of India. It is the candidate's United Progressive Alliance (UPA) and left India for Indian presidential election held on Thursday, 19 July 2007 and then elected as president.


As Governor of Rajasthan

In 2004, Pratibha Patil became the second politician from Maharashtra who were appointed as Governor of Rajasthan; the first is Vasantdada Patil. With Pratibha Patil as Governor, Rajasthan now have the power position of women in three key states, including Chief Minister Vasundhara Raje and Leader of the House Sumitra Singh.


In 2006, Pratibha Patil returned the bill Rajasthan Freedom of Religion in 2006 (originally titled "The bill Swatantrya Rajasthan Dharma, 2006") which is approved by the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly in April 2006. Rajasthan state government introduced a bill to deal with what he called "an illegal transition from one religion to another religion by cajolery or force." However, a number of Christian organizations that oppose the bill and accused him of bias because of favorable clusters Hindutva Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh.

Pratibha Patil returned the bill, because it believes that certain clauses of the bill "violates fundamental rights such as freedom of speech and expression, freedom of conscience and freedom to embrace, practice and propagate religion.

Nominations for the presidential election 2007


On 14 June, United Progressive Alliance (UPA), a powerful alliance of political parties in India and left India chose as their candidate for the presidential election to be held on 19 July 2007. This can make the first woman who served President of India. UPA chief, Sonia Gandhi, to draw his election as "historic event" by the 60th Independence Day of India.


Before leaving for New Delhi, it is grateful to Sonia Gandhi has chosen for himself and megnatakan that his first task as president is beginning to exercise Employment Guarantee Act in villages in the National (NREGA) started to support the UPA.

Bashar al-Assad-President of Syria

Bashar al-Assad

dr. Bashar al-Assad (born in Damascus, Syria, 11 September 1965 aged 46 years) is the President of the Syrian Arab Republic, Regional Secretary of the Baath Party, and the son of former President Hafiz al-Assad. Bashar succeeded his father as president of Syria soon after his death on June 10, 2000.


early life

Bashar Hafez al-Assad was born in Damascus on 11 September 1965, the son Aniseh (née Makhluf) and Hafez al-Assad. His father, Hafez al-Assad, born of poor families from the Alawite background, has risen through the ranks of the Party, for the control of the Syrian branch of the Socialist-led Arab Ba'ath Party in 1970 Corrective Revolution, thus installing himself as president. Hafez al-Assad purged the Party, and introduce an effective Syrian Alawite rule.


Unlike his brothers, Bassel and Maher, and sister, Bushra, Assad calm and quiet and said that he has no interest in politics or military.He later said that he only entered the office his father once when he was in office and he never spoke about politics with him. He received primary and secondary education in French-Arab al-Hurriya School in Damascus and was a model student. In 1982, he graduated from high school and went on to study medicine at the University of Damascus. In 1988, Bashar Assad graduated from medical school and began working as an army doctor at the largest military hospital, "Tishrin", on the outskirts of Damascus.

Four years later, he went to England to begin postgraduate training in ophthalmology at the Western Eye Hospital, part of the St Mary of the teaching hospital at the time London.Bashar have any political aspirations. His father had been grooming Bashar older brother, Bassel al-Assad, as president of the future. Bashar, however, was recalled in 1994 for the Syrian army, after the unexpected death of Bassel in a car accident.


personal life

Assad is proficient in English and French language study at the school through elite Franco-Arab al-Hurriyet in Damascus (Syrian capital) also studied medicine at Damascus University School of Medicine. Graduated to become a doctor, specializing in ophthalmology  on the London hospital education. He is married to Asma al-Akhras, a Syrian Shiite Muslim who lived in England since his birth and adult life. Assad his government supported by the governments of China and Russia, he embraced socialist ideals of communism. Many of the Muslims on the Syrians to feel oppressed and even killed in cold blood by the government mainly from among the Sunni. In the understanding of Islam, the Shia sect Isma'ilism Assad follow. Iran (Islamic Shiite Itsnaa Atsariyah) also joined in support of his government, and not speak out against the slaughter of Sunni Muslims. Shiite Iran and Syria are united though different sects but Sunni slaughter.

Ahmad bin Billah-Algerian President to-3

Mohamed Ahmed Ben Bella (Muhammad Ahmad Bin Balla) (Arabic: أحمد بن بلة), born December 25, 1918, Maghnia, Algeria) was President of Algeria's first and dubbed as the Father of the Nation.



Before Independence

The following election as city councilor Ben Bella became a founding member of an underground organization pledged to fight the colonial powers, known as the Organization Speciale. This is the direct predecessor of the Front de Libération Nationale. Arrested in 1951 and sentenced to eight years imprisonment Ben Bella escaped from Blida prison, making a trip to Tunisia and then Egypt.
At the outbreak of the Algerian War in 1954, Ben Bella, based in Cairo where he became one of the nine members of the Revolutionary Committee of Unity and Action, led Nationale de Liberation Front (FLN).


He was arrested by the French in 1956, after his plane had been controversially intercepted and taken to France, and was released in 1962. The arrest led to the resignation of Alain Savary, opposed to Guy Mollet's policy. While in prison he was elected as deputy prime minister of the provisional government of Algeria. Ben Bella's first language is French, not Arabic [citation needed]. He studied Arabic at the prison while. While in Egypt, Ben Bella met with Egyptian President Gamal Abdul Nasser. When Nasser brought Ben Bella to speak for the first time to an audience of Egypt, he went into tears because he could not speak Arabic. It has been said that he refused to teach his daughter French because she wanted to learn Arabic first and not in the same position he was. Arab militants like a lot of time, he would come to describe himself as "Nasserist" and developed close ties to Egypt even before independence was achieved. Nasser} material, emotional and political support of the Algerian movement would come to cause him trouble, because it plays a major role in the choice of France to make war on him during the 1956 Suez Crisis.


After Independence

After the independence of Algeria, Ben Bella quickly became more popular. In June 1962, he challenged the leadership of Premier Benyoucef Benkhedda, this led to disputes among several rivals in the FLN, which is quickly suppressed by Ben Bella's rapidly growing number of supporters, especially in the armed forces. In September, Bella of Algeria by controlling all the names, however, and was elected as prime minister in the selection of one hand on the 20th of September, which is recognized by the United States on 29 September. Algeria admitted as 109th member of the United Nations on October 8, 1962.


In 1963 he was elected President in uncontested elections, and also led Algeria's costly defense against the invasion of Morocco in the Sand war. After stabilizing the country, Ben Bella began a series of land reforms are popular but somewhat anarchic for the benefit of landless people, and increasingly turned to the socialist rhetoric. His policy Autogestion, or self-management, adopted after the former French peasants seized the land. In balancing the factions within the government ppAljazair]], in particular the army FLN, the former guerrillas and the state bureaucracy, the government became increasingly autocratic. Eccentric and arrogant behavior towards colleagues is said to have alienated many former supporters, and, while he promoted his own cult of personality development, in 1964 he dedicated more time for foreign affairs of the local political developments. In 1965, Ben Bella was overthrown by the army pimipinan close friend Houari Boumedienne in 1965, and placed under house arrest until 1980, when he was granted exile in Switzerland. He lived for 10 years at Lausanne, but allowed to return to his homeland in 1990.


Ahmed Ben Bella was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union on 30 April, 1964

Abdelaziz Bouteflika-Algerian President to-10

Abdelaziz Bouteflika (IPA: [abdəlazɪz butəflika]) (Arabic: عبد العزيز بوتفليقة) (born March 2, 1937 in Oujda, Morocco) is the President of Algeria since 1999.


Family

Abdelaziz Bouteflika got married in August 1990 and have not / do not have children of their spouses. His wife, Amal Triki is the daughter of ex-diplomat (Yahia Triki).
Abdelaziz Bouteflika is the leader of the Algerian War of Independence and served as Minister of Youth and Sports as the independence of Algeria in 1962. In the following year, he was appointed as Minister for Foreign Affairs and a member of the board of representatives in the legislature. During his tenure as Minister of Foreign Affairs, Al-Jazair become a very prominent member of the international community and respected as a leader of the NAM for the nations who do not want to take part in the western block (United States) that the capitalist and the Eastern Bloc (Soviet Union) that socialist. In 1965, he was promoted as the head organizer group plotted a coup d'etat by Ahmed Ben Bella. He quit as Foreign Minister in 1979 after losing his bid to succeed President Houari Boumedienne.
Between 1981-1987, he was discharged because of alleged corruption as said by his political opponents, but returned after the case had died. He signed a deal with the brutality protest government declared in 1988 and became the center of attention.
In 1999, he was appointed to the presidency and as a potential-free, with 74% of the vote, according to authorities. Throughout the other candidates had withdrawn from the election, citing fraud concerns. Then Bouteflika organize a referendum on its policies for restoring peace and security in al-Jazair and test its support among the countrymen after the seizure of the election and won with 81% of the vote.
On 8 April 2004, he was re-elected secular president with 85% in an election that observers say as an example of democracy in the Arab world, as a bone of contention with his rival and former Chief of Staff Ali Benflis.

Alija Izetbegovic-The first president Bosnia Herzegovina

Alija Izetbegovic (8 August 1925-19 October 2003) was an activist, lawyer, writer, philosopher and politician who became the first president of Bosnia Herzegovina in 1990. He served until 1996, after which he became a member of the presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina until 2000. He also wrote several books including a successful market is Islam Between East and West and the Islamic Declaration.

Boris Yeltsin-The First President Russian Federation

Boris Yeltsin

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin was born February 1, 1931 - died 23 April 2007 at age 76 years) performed the first to the position of President of the Russian Federation, held in 1991-1999. He was born in Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg), the Russian Soviet Republic, the Soviet Union and the Russian president during the post-Soviet Union.

Political history

Yeltsin era was a dramatic period in Russian history - a period marked by revolutionary political change, democracy - along with the major political and social issues, one of which is rampant and open corruption.
In the June 1991 Yeltsin came to the throne along with the wave of high expectations for political reform and disillusionment with communist rule.
On June 12 Yeltsin was elected president of the Russian Soviet Socialist Republic was formed into a federation with 57% of the vote, becoming the first president directly elected in Russian history.
In August 1991, Yeltsin gain international acclaim since he was a brave and as a democrat able to resist the attempted coup by Communist hardliners. This finally brought the collapse of communism but also the destruction of the Soviet Union, but makes Yeltsin as the strongest man in the Kremlin.
Unfortunately, he himself became an autocratic authoritarian and never regained his popularity and he leaves office on December 31, 1999 as a hated person. He was replaced by Vladimir Putin.
He died on 23 April 2007 due to heart failure.

Thomas Jefferson-President of The United States to-3

Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson was born in Shadwell, Virginia, 13 April 1743 - died in Charlottesville, Virginia, July 4, 1826 at the age of 83 years was President of the United States a third term in office from 1801 until 1809.  He is also a Founder's Declaration of Independence (1776) and the founding fathers of the United States.


Background

Thomas Jefferson was born in Shadwell, Gloochland (now Albemarle), Virginia, USA on 13 April 1743.] Children of Peter and Jane Randolph Jefferson, a partner family. His father, Peter, died when he was 14 years old and inherit the land area of ​​2.750 acres and a slave.
In the year 1760 until the year 1762 study at the Jefferson College of William and Mary and learn the culture and literature of classical Greek and Latin, he also studied violin.
Thomas Jefferson was a political philosopher who heavily favor the freedom of liberal ideology (liberalism), schools of the republic, and the separation of state and agama.Thomas Jefferson, too, who make the decentralization of government in the United States


In 1770 he began building his mountain plateau area in Monticello and in 1772 he married Martha Wayles Skelton, a wealthy widow, and took him to live with at home, which has not been completed. His wife died in 1782 when Jefferson served as the back part of the U.S. congressional delegation.


At the age of 33 years as a member of the Continental Congress, the Congress-13 in the American colonies declared independence from England, Thomas Jefferson set the Declaration of Independence. In a short article, he reveals the philosophy of the revolution, and became known as the Charter of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
The article, among others, reads:


"We stick to the principle that all men are created equal, and that man is endowed by the creator with some rights that should not be contested, among them the Right to Life, Right to Free, and the right to pursue happiness. To ensure that all rights, government established among men, to power the legitimate consent of the governed. And if some form of government as an obstacle to the rights above, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish that government, and form a new government "


Before becoming president, Thomas Jefferson also had to be, among others;
Members of the House of Representatives State of Virginia (1776-79)


Virginia Governor Patrick Henry's successor in 1779, and was re-elected in 1780 but resigned in 1781 due to attack British troops in Virginia. At this tenure he wrote the statute on religious freedom (The Statute of Religious Freedom)
American ambassador to France (1785-89)
Secretary of State under President George Washington in 1789.


At the election in 1796, when aged 53 years, Thomas Jefferson became the presidential candidate for the Democratic-Republican party but he was defeated by his opponent, John Adams. Thomas Jefferson was chosen to be vice president under John Adams.


Four years later, in 1800, he became a candidate again. He and Aaron Burr have the same number of votes for the electoral votes (Electoral Votes), therefore, in accordance with the Constitution, the decision left to the House of Representatives, which selected Thomas Jefferson.
Thomas Jefferson twice in succession to the President, from 1801 until 1809. While serving as president of Jefferson, accompanied by Aaron Burr and George Clinton as vice president.


Jefferson was a supporter of a strong voice for mempeluas barat.Jasanya region to another well-known is the purchase of Louisiana from France in 1803. At that time French colony in North America 'bought'. The purchase was made within the United States who are young to be more than twice luasnya.Sejarah prove that the price paid, which is 15 million dollars, was very murah.Ekspansi was followed by Louis and Clark expedition.
In 1809 Thomas Jefferson left office Putih.Jefferson retired and lives in Monticello to reflect the magnitude of the project as a preliminary design of the University Virginia.Thomas Jefferson died on July 4, 1826.


Memory



Thomas Jefferson Memorial
The American people to commemorate Thomas Jefferson building The Jefferson Memorial in Washington DC which officially opened to the public on June 26, 1934.



Controversy

Thomas Jefferson allegedly impregnated his slave, a black woman named Sally Hemmings. Based on DNA tests taken from the descendants of Jefferson and Sally Hemmings is widely recognized that at least one, or even to six children Sally Hemmings was the son of Thomas Jefferson also

Yahya Khan-The Pakistan president-3

Yahya Khan

Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan آغا محمد یحیی خان, (born February 4, 1917 - died August 10, 1980 at the age of 63 years) is the President of Pakistan and chief of staff from 1969 until 1971 when replaced Ayub Khan. Character of power evident in East Pakistan during the 1970's life until the end of Bangladesh Liberation Conflict.

He fought for Britain during World War II and was a major force in the Pakistan army after independence of Pakistan and India. He was appointed as Supreme Commander of the Army a year after the 1965 war with India. After the civil unrest in the country in 1969 he was given power by the president, and he declared a state of war and recognize him as Chairman of the State Administrator of War and later President of Pakistan.

In nature it is similar to Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire (Congo). At first he chose to hand over power to civilian rule, set the levels for the elections in 1970 and this is where the problem starts. The results of the election showed voters split between East and West Pakistan. In the absence of two leaders of each party (Mujibur Rahman and Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto) wishes to accept the other as the Prime Minister of Pakistan. Light as a result of violence pushed Khan to send tanks into East Pakistan. India came to help and this sparked another war resulting suffering embarrassing to Pakistan, and finally there was the declaration of independence of East Pakistan, soon renamed Bangladesh. Khan approvals fell and he was forced to hand over power to Bhutto in December 1971. He was placed under house arrest in 1972

Pervez Musharraf-President of Pakistan to-12

Pervez Musharraf

Pervez Musharraf, born in Delhi, India, August 11, 1943, age 68 years) is a former President, the Prime Minister and Pakistan's military chief of staff. He came to power on October 12, 1999 after a coup and became president on June 20, 2001. 100 character in the poll on the 2006 Time Magazine "The People Who Shape Our World", he was one of the leaders in power in order of number four.


Musharraf was born near Delhi (India). On the 12 October 1999 - 23 November 2002, he was prime minister. On October 6, 2007, he was re-elected as president of Pakistan for the third term of office. On 24 November 2007, the Election Commission of Pakistan announced, he was re-elected as president. He resigned on August 18, 2008 amid threats of impeachment led coalition government Asif Ali Zardari, the husband of the late former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto.



Family background and education

Musharraf was born in Daryaganj in Delhi (India) and moved with his parents to Karachi (Pakistan) when India is divided into two regions in 1947. His parents came from middle-class background belakakng and both high school educated. Zehra (mother) studying English Literature and worked for the International Labor Organization (ILO), who retired in 1986. Syed Musharraf-ud-Din (father) is a graduate of the University Aligarh (India). His father worked in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Pakistan and has a brilliant career and retired as Joint Secretary in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. For several years living in Turkey as a diplomat, so Musharraf stayed there in his childhood and learned to Turkish to fluent or mastered.
Musharraf studied at Saint Patrick High School (Karachi) and graduated in 1958 and went into the Forman Christian College in Lahore. In 1961, he entered the Pakistan Military Academy in Kalkul and perform at the Royal College of Defence Studies (United Kingdom). When the supervisor commented and noted the results of his study, "An officer is competent, eloquent, and very good personality, which provide a very valuable impact here. His country was lucky to get service from someone with unquestionable quality like this.


Military career

Pervez Musharraf

Lieutenant General. COAS Musharraf and I Corps Commander (Mangla)
In 1964, he was placed in an artillery regiment and fought with India as a young officer in 1965. For his bravery, he was awarded the Sanad Imtiazi. In the year 1967/1968, promoted to Captain. He was awarded the (military) Nishan-i-Imtiaz and Tamgha-i-Basalat. He became a lecturer at the Command Staff College, Quetta and get the war wing of the National Defense College of Pakistan. In addition he became relavan and participate as a commando, and remained devoted to the Special Services Group for seven years.


He also participated in the India-Pakistan War of 1971 as a Company Commander in a Commando Battalion Special Support Group (SSG). He is responsible for leading the regiment of artillery and armor divisions. On September 1987, when leading a unit of the mountain war in the newly formed SSG Khapalu base (Kashmir), he launched an offensive to seize the posts held by India on the track Bilafond La in Siachen though the glaze and then exposed to counter-attack. When it rose to the rank of major general on January 15, 1991, he was given the responsibility of commanding an Infantry Division and as a lieutenant-general responsible for the prestigious Corps striker on October 21, 1995.


Musharraf has held several important positions as staff and faculty in his career. He had been Director General of Military Operations at Headquarters in the period 1993-1995. Rose to the rank of general and appointed as Chief of Army Staff, Pakistan on October 7, 1998 when General Jehangir Karamat Chief of Staff was forced to resign because of demands that the military is given a place in Pakistan's National Security Council. He had a particular position as Chairman of the Joint Committee on the Armed Forces on 9 April 1999. He led the Pakistan army in Kargil War between India and Pakistan in May to July 1999. On 15 September 2004, Musharraf resigned as army chief of staff.


Coups and Chief Executive


In 1997, Nawaz Sharif was elected prime minister after the party he led Pakistan Muslim League won the election with overwhelming majority. These parties have enough seats in parliament, making it quite has the power to change the constitution by amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan-14. This will eliminate the checks and balances to limit the power of the prime minister.
The increasing tension between the government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and the military forces gives reason to believe, but apparently plotting a coup.



Increasing challenges to its power. President (civilian) Farooq Leghari and Chief Justice Sajjad Ali Shah was forced to resign. Chief Justice to resign after the Supreme Court building was attacked by supporters of Sharif. Army Chief of Staff Jehangir Karamat proposed the formation of the National Security Council as a forum for interaction between civilian leaders and military chiefs of staff. Kamarat sacked by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and Pervez Musharraf menuunjuk Jnderal to replace it.
With the rise in the problem Musharraf was even more pointed. On October 12, 1999, Sharif attempted to fire Musharraf and lift the Inter-Forces Intelligence director Khwaja Ziauddin in his place. Musharraf, who was abroad trying to return to Pakistan with boarded a commercial airliner. The Army's senior generals refused to accept Musharraf's dismissal. Sharif ordered the Karachi airport to prevent the landing of the aircraft which then circling in the air over Karachi.


In a coup, the generals remove Sharif government and take over the airport. The plane landed with only enough fuel left for a few minutes only and Musharraf took over the government. To the position as the Executive, Pervez Musharraf became de facto Head of Government. He has extensive powers in Pakistan following a bloodless coup on October 12, 1999. Nawaz Sharif under house arrest and exiled abroad. President Muhammad Rafiq Tarar, who served since January 1, 1998 shall terminate his post on June 20, 2001. Since then, other than the Chief Executive, officially he raised himself as president. This comes just days before a scheduled visit to Agra for talks with India.


The Supreme Court, elections, and referendum

On May 12, 2000, the Supreme Court ordered Musharraf hold elections no later than October 12, 2002. To legitimize his presidency and ensure the continuation after the approaching restoration of democracy, he held a referendum on 30 April 2002. This situation allows to extend the presidential term to five years after the elections in October 2002. However, this referendum was boycotted by most political groups, so the number of participants is only 30% or lower may be estimated in general.


Elections held in October 2002 and formed a new party that Musharraf Pakistan Muslim League won a seat in parliament. The opposition parties practically paralyzed the National Assembly for over a year. This jam ended December 2003, when Musharraf bargained with the party Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal, with the agreement that he would leave the Army on December 31, 2004.
With the support of the party, the pro-Musharraf parliament members can control two-thirds super-majority needed to pass the 17th Amendment to retroactively legalize Musharraf's coup in 1999 and many decrees issued afterwards. In a vote of confidence on January 1, 2004, Musharraf won 658 of 1170 votes in the Electoral College of Pakistan and according to Article 41 of the Constitution of Pakistan, he "deemed elected" as President until October 2007.


After 11 September 2001


Since his involvement as a senior officer at the Pakistan special forces to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, he has built a very good personal relationship with a number of sections of the U.S. security agencies. After the coup in 1999, U.S. President Bill Clinton to call to express concern about the coup and want a stable South Asia. But then he called Gen. Anthony C. Zinni of the Marine Corps who was a leader of CENTCOM (Middle East). Musharraf, who addressed him as "Tony" to explain his reasons and his plans, so that General Zinni remains one of its strongest supporters.


After the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001 in the United States, the United States Secretary of State Colin Powell and other administration officials met with Musharraf. He sided with the United States in the fight against the Taliban government in Afghanistan. Changes in policy and military aid to the United States is very critical. The bombing quickly toppled the Taliban regime the United States. Musharraf has worked closely with President George W. Bush's "War on Terror" and led to widespread dissatisfaction among the people of Pakistan for many reasons.


Shortly after the events of 11 September 2001, Musharraf gave a speech that is critical in Pakistan television. In his speech, he pledged his personal support to the United States and Pakistan in the war against terrorism. Although the Taliban generally is an independent phenomenon, but there is an impression that the Taliban regime was the product of agency Inter-Services Intelligence Pakistan who works on the 'strategic depth' to ensure the presence of a friendly regime in Afghanistan to Pakistan and to reduce the number of refugees flowing into the Pakistan and prevent further burden on the ailing economy. This new policy seems to be a change of 180 ° of the policies of the old and valued by analysts at the assessment centers such as the Brookings Institute as evidence of the sincerity of Musharraf
Support of the United States is crucial in defeating the Taliban in Afghanistan is easy. This is done after a rapid and strategic decision to stop supporting Pakistan against the Taliban. Pakistan cuts supply lines logistics of oil and the Taliban, providing intelligence and act as a regional logistical support to Operation Eternal Freedom.



Musharraf, who is fluent in English and has given many interviews and speeches on various television channels USA and Europe as well as other media. He also never spoke at the assessment centers such as RAND Corporation in Santa Monica (California) in June 2003. Support for the war on terror led by the United States has caused it not liked by some right-wing fundamentalist parties of Pakistan. Image of the United States in Pakistan has been a lot of injuries after the 2003 invasion of Iraq without a UN resolution (United Nations). Musharraf flatly refused to send troops to Pakistan to Iraq without a UN resolution. He has proved a little surprise and was widely praised for anti-corruption campaign and the support of the United States in the War on Terrorism.

Tensions with India

A group of terrorists attacked the Indian Parliament with bombs and firearms on December 13, 2001. Pakistan and the United States is blamed for allegedly affected by Musharraf, thus mobilized for a counterattack. Musharraf rejected the allegations that Pakistan and assume responsibility for the attack is unfounded.
As a result, Washington to intense pressure. "Washington Post" (Jim Hoagland, January 17) said, "The United States forced General Musharraf pledged that Pakistan's intelligence agencies and the army will stop giving food, weapons and other logistical support to the infiltrators who conduct terrorist attacks in India and Kashmir ruled India. Army will no longer provide a mortar attack to protect the infiltrators, who are no longer supported by Musharraf.


Image of a moderate leader

Musharraf is considered a moderate leader by Western countries. Many believe that Musharraf is sincere in his desire to bridge the world of Islam with the West. Previously, he has spoken out against the idea that the 'clash of civilizations' between the two was inevitable. Furthermore, he coined the phrase "The attitude of the enlightened moderation" and actively promote such an attitude.


Musharraf's emotional ties with the United States can be considered important because at least two close family members living there, that her brother is a doctor living near Chicago, Illinois and her son living in Boston, Massachusetts. His son received his B.Sc. and M.Sc. in Electrical Engineering from MIT and a business of high-tech (high tech) that obtain venture fund in Boston. His son daughter is a graduate of National College of Arts in Lahore and became an architect. My older brother who was a Rhodes scholar at Oxford was a Police Commissioner in the Government of Pakistan before retiring from the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) in Rome, Italy.



Controversy as president and army chief

A pro-Musharraf party, the Pakistan Muslim League (Q) won a plurality of votes in the October 2002 elections and formed a majority coalition with independents and allies such as the MQM. However, opposition parties managed to tie up the National Assembly by rejecting the legitimacy of Musharraf's rule. In December 2003, as part of a compromise with the main Islamist opposition group, Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal, General Musharraf said that he would resign from his post as army chief on January 1, 2005.


In return, the MMA agreed to support a constitutional amendment that would legalize the coup backed Musharraf and restore some of the checks and balances to the government system of Pakistan. But at the end of 2004, the pro-Musharraf parliament approved a bill allowing Musharraf to maintain the second position, and Musharraf agreed.


Popularity in Pakistan

In August 2007, Musharraf has lost its popularity in the country. A survey of the International Republican Institute showed that 64% population of Pakistan does not want Musharraf to extend his term as president of Pakistan. The Economist magazine reported today Pakistan is a mess, even in the standard of Pakistan itself. A prominent journalist Ayaz Amir stated Gen. Musharraf is "the authors own misfortune". He also stated that unlike other dictators, Musharraf can come out easily, the way he should follow.
However, on October 6th, Pakistan Parliament re-elect Musharraf as president for next term. In the election itself is a lot of opposition politicians who resigned from parliament, to protest Musharraf's candidacy, when he was Commander of the Pakistan Army. [However, Musharraf's presidency is still determined by the Pakistan High Court decision regarding the legality of Musharraf's candidacy.


Reject extremism


On January 12, 2002, Musharraf gave a landmark speech against extremism based on religion. Musharraf strongly condemned all acts of terrorism, including all in the name of liberating the majority Muslim Kashmir from Indian rule. He also pledged to combat all forms of extremism and illegal actions within Pakistan itself.
On 14-16 July 2001, President Musharraf following the summit in the city of Agra with India Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee. The purpose of this meeting is the normalization of relations between the two countries, by initiating a plan for resolution of Kashmir issue. With regard to his visit, President Musharraf stated on many occasions that he demonstrated a flexible approach. In addition, he expressed his desire to be recognized as the leader of Pakistan is "making history" (with) long to solve the crisis, namely Kashmir.

Giorgio Napolitano, President of the Republic of Italy to-11

Giorgio Napolitano (born in Napoli, Italy, June 29, 1925, age 86 years), is a lifelong politician and senator of Italy and President of the Republic of Italy today. He was chosen by election held on May 10, 2006 and began his post since inaugurated on May 15.


Biography

In 1942, at the age of 17 years, Napolitano masik to the University of Napoli Federico II. He became a member of the GUF (Gruppo Universitario Fascista, Fascist University Groups) local Fascist student organization. There he found a number of other students who are both adopted a negative view of the regime. As written, this group, "in fact is a true nursery field of anti-fascist intellectual energies, disguised and somewhat tolerable". He later founded a communist anti-fascist group, who, after the ceasefire, took part in some of the resistance movement against the Nazi and pro-Mussolini forces.


In 1945, after the end of World War II, Napolitano joined the Italian Communist Party (Partito Comunista Italiano, or PCI). In 1947 he graduated from law school. He was first elected to the House of Representatives in 1953. After that, he was elected to the National Committee of the party, and assume responsibility for the Commission to Southern Italy in 1956.



In that year, then there was a Hungarian Revolution was suppressed by the Soviet Union. Assume leadership of the Italian Communist Party's counter-revolutionary rebellion (l'Unita, the official PCI newspaper, describing them as "bastards" and "provocation agents") and Napolitano followed the party line. Years later, he repeatedly claimed to have left his position, and it was partly due to concerns about the unity of the party and especially to "the concept that the role of PCI and action are inseparable from the 'field socialist', led by the Soviet Union, which on its own field should be left by the front tesentuh 'imperialists' ". In his political autobiography Dal PCI al Socialismo Europeo ("From the Italian Communist Party towards European Socialism"), Napolitano considering the justification for Soviet intervention as "torture otokritis who grieves."
Decision in 1956 to create a split in the PCI. CGIL, Italy's trade unions, most importantly, who was didominiasi by the communists, rejected the view that the leadership of and claims Hungarian revolution can be justified. Many people in the union came to argue that "Italian road to socialism" must be based on democracy. View of their visibility in the party-backed by Giorgio Amendola.


Close to the wing of the party led by Amendola, Napolitano quietly become one of the most influential leaders of the PCI. Because it is often seen together, Giorgio Amendola and Giorgio Napolitano Giorgio often jokingly called 'o chiatto and Giorgio' o sicco (Napoli each language for "Giorgio the fat" and "Giorgio skinny"), by their friends . Napolitano became secretary of the federation in Naples and Caserta, and later, between 1966 and 1969, he became coordinator of the office of secretary and office politics. In the 1970s and 1980s, he was initially responsible for the field of culture and later for economic policy and international relations of the party.


Political ideas rather moderate in the context of PCI: instead he became the leader of the so-called "wing melioris" (corrente migliorista) of the party, whose members include Gerardo Chiaromonte and Emanuele Macaluso. Migliorista term (from Migliore, Italian for "better") was created with the intention of slightly mocking.


In the mid-1970s, Napolitano was invited by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to give a lecture, but the U.S. ambassador to Italy, John A. Volpe, refused to give him a visa on the grounds he was a member of the Communist Party. Between 1977 and 1981, Napolitano made a number of secret meetings with U.S. Ambassador Richard Gardner, when PCI was trying to relate to the U.S. government, in order to sever its links with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the beginning erokomunisme, seeks to develop theories and practices that are more suitable for countries democracy in Western Europe. In 2006, when Napolitano was elected President of the Republic of Italy, Gardner told the AP TV News Napolitano that he considered "a true statesman," "people who truly believe in democracy" and "a friend of the United States [which] will carry out their duties fairly and impartially ".




Thanks to this role and partly because of good service Giulio Andreotti, in the 1980's Napolitano to visit the United States and delivered his lecture in Aspen, Colorado and at Harvard University. Since then he has visited and lectured several times in the U.S..



After the Italian Communist Party was disbanded in 1991, Napolitano joined the Democratic Left Party, later the Democratic Left (Democratici in Sinistra, or DS). He successively served as President of the House of Representatives (1992-1994) and between 1996 and 1998 he served as the first former Communist who became Minister of Home Affairs, a role that is usually held by the Christian Democrats. He also menajbat as a Member of the European Parliament from 1999 to 2004. On October 2005, he was appointed senator for life, and therefore the last person to be appointed by the President of Italy Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.



Election as president (2006)

In 2006, his name is often mentioned for the post of President of the Republic of Italy. Napolitano is the second proposal of the center-left majority coalition, the Union, instead of Massimo D'Alema, after a potential shared voice to D'Alema rejected by the leaders of the center-right coalition House of Independence. Although Napolitano at first appear as a candidate may be approved by the House of Independence, this proposal was rejected as a proposal to D'Alema.


Center-left majority coalition, on May 7, 2006, formally endorsed Giorgio Napolitano as kandidtat them in a special election that began on 8 May. The Vatican supports the President through its official newspaper, L'Osservatore Romano, just after the Union announced their name as a candidate. Similarly, Marco Follini, the former secretary of the UDC, which tend to be right Christian party, a member of Freedom House.


Napolitano was elected on May 10, 2006 at the fourth-round selection of the first round only requires an absolute majority, unlike the three previous rounds of the required two-thirds vote with 543 votes (of a possible 1009). He was the first former communist who became President of Italy. As a candidate for President of the Republic of Italy he was described by members of the Union and Freedom House (an empty vote) after his election. But some right-wing Italian newspaper, Il Giornale eg, expressing concern about his past as a communist.

-First President of the Islamic Republic of Iran

Abolhassan Banisadr

Abol-hassan Banisadr (Persian: ابوالحسن بنیصدر; born in Tehran, Iran, March 22, 1933, age 78 years) is the first Iranian president since the 1979 Iranian Revolution and the fall of the monarchy. In 1980, he formed a coalition government to rule Iran. His tenure was marked by the crisis on the United States and the invasion of Iraq. It gets the charges on June 21, 1981 by the Iranian parliament because the movement against the clergy, so he went into hiding and moved to France.

Mary Robinson, President of the Republic of Ireland to-7

Mary Robinson

Mary Robinson (Irish: Maire Mhic Róibín), was born in Ballina, County Mayo, May 21, 1944, age 67 years), were selected as the first woman president of Ireland in 1990. Between 1997 and 2002 he became the UN commissioner for human rights.

He was educated at Trinity College and King's Inns in Dublin, and then to Harvard in the United States. Then he started teaching in the subject of international law at Trinity College, which he remained there until 1990, when he was appointed president. He was in the Labour Party and supported by the Green Party and the Worker's Party. As president he worked hard for the modern picture of the world.


Background

Born Mary Therese Winifred Bourke in Ballina, County Mayo, in 1944, she was the daughter of two medical doctors.Her father Dr. Aubrey Bourke from Ballina, County Mayo, while his mother from Donegal, Dr Tessa Bourke (née O 'Donnell) from Carndonagh , Inishowen. The Hiberno-Norman Bourkes have been in Mayo since the thirteenth century. His family has ties with many diverse political strands in Ireland. One ancestor was a prominent activist in the Irish National Land League of Mayo and the Irish Republican Brotherhood; uncle, Sir John Paget Bourke, knighted by Queen Elizabeth II after a career as a judge at the Colonial Office, while another relative was a Roman Catholic nun. Some branches of the family are members of the Anglican Church of Ireland while the other is Roman Catholic. More distant relatives, including William Liath de Burgh, Tiobóid mac Ciotach Walter Bourke, and Charles Bourke. Robinson was born in a family as a mixture of history and the slave revolt against the Crown.


Mary Bourke attended Mount Anville Secondary School in Dublin [citation needed] and studied law at Trinity College, Dublin and Harvard Law School.In twenties, she was appointed Reid Professor of Law at the college, which is considered a prestigious appointment made to accomplished lawyers holders. Subsequent titles have included a successor of the President of Ireland Mary McAleese, Professor John F. Larkin QC, Irish Human Rights Commissioner and a leading pro-choice activist Senator Ivana Bacik.


In 1970, Bourke married Nicholas Robinson. Despite the fact that his family has close ties with the Church of Ireland, his marriage to a Protestant student caused a rift with her parents, who did not attend her wedding. Rift was finally resolved in the next months.Together they have three children. His son Aubrey, a photographer and film maker who is "committed to social justice", received media attention in 2011, when he participates in Dame Street occupies.

Biography of Joachim Gauck

Joachim Gauck

Joachim Gauck (born January 24, 1940) is the President of Germany, was elected on March 18, 2012. A former Lutheran pastor, he became famous as a civil rights activist in the anti-communist East Germany.
During the Peaceful Revolution, he was the founder of the opposition movement New Forum in East Germany, which have an impact on the fall of the Soviet-backed dictatorship of the German Socialist Unity Party (SED). In 1990 he served as a member of the People's Assembly only freely elected to the Alliance 90. After German reunification, he was elected by the Bundestag as the first federal commissioner for the Stasi Archives, serving 1990-2000. As a Federal Commissioner, he gained recognition as the "Stasi hunters" and "tireless advocate of pro-democracy," exposing the crimes of the former communist political police.


He was nominated as a candidate of the Social Democratic Party and the Alliance '90 / The Greens for the President of Germany in the 2010 election, but narrowly lost to Christian Wulff, the candidate of a coalition government. However, his nomination was met with significant approval from the population and the media; Der Spiegel described him as "President of the better and Bild called it" the president of the liver. After Christian Wulff has resigned, Gauck elected as President from 1228 with 991 votes in the elections in the Federal Convention of 2012, as a non-partisan consensus candidate of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), Christian Social Union (CSU), Free Democratic Party (FDP ), Social Democratic Party (SPD) and Alliance '90 / The Greens.


Gauck political life was greatly influenced by the fate of his family and grew up in the totalitarian communist East Germany, his father suffered five years in the Soviet Gulag and families face discrimination in the East Germany.Gauck is a signatory to the founder of Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism, together with Václav Havel and Another statesman, and the Declaration on Crimes of Communism. He called for increased awareness of the evil of communism in Europe, communist criminal prosecution, and to eliminate the need for legitimacy of the communist era. He has written about the concentration camp as Soviet era NKVD Special Camp No. 1, the crimes of communism, and political oppression in East Germany, and contributed to The Black Book of Communism. Gauck accused of crimes of communist neglect the political left. His book Freedom 2012. A petition calling for the defense of freedom and human rights around the world.

He has been described by Chancellor Angela Merkel as "a true teacher of democracy" and "senior adviser to freedom, democracy, and justice.The Wall Street Journal described him as" the last of the breed: the leaders of the protest movement behind the Iron Curtain who later led the country them after 1989.


Since 2003, he has become chairman of the association Gegen Vergessen - Für Demokratie ("Fight the Forgotten - For Democracy"), and he served on the Board of Management of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia 2001-2004 he has. received numerous awards, including Hannah Arendt Prize 1997 ....



So Joachim Gauck Elected President of Germany

Former East German pro-democracy activist Joachim Gauck was elected president of Germany after the majority of MPs vote on Sunday (3/18/2012).

72 year-old man received support from the major parties of 1232 and received 991 votes cast, according to the German parliament speaker Norbert Lammert.

Gauck is a former pastor who opposed the communist regime of East Germany and became head of the federal agency that oversees intelligence Germany post-reunification East Germany in 1990.

Gauck almost cried armpit he received the vote that made the new head of state. German president is largely ceremonial position, but considered to hold a very important moral role.

"I accept this task. After traveling a tortuous politics of the 20th century, I accept it with gratitude as one who finally and unexpectedly finds his home again and able to participate in a democratic society in the last 20 years," said Gauck when giving speech before members of parliament.

"Surely I will not be able to meet all expectations," he said. "But one thing I can promise: I would say yes with all the ability and heart to perform your responsibilities entrusted to me."

Gauck has no political affiliation at all but succeeded in getting support from main parties in the country after his predecessor, Christian Wulff, resigned last month due to a corruption scandal.

When Gauck nominated, German Chancellor Angela Merkel described the Gauck as a "teacher of true democracy". Gauck into opposition from the candidate's support for Merkel, Wulff, two years ago. Merkel's junior coalition partner in urging him to accept the nomination Gauck in this second attempt.

Last week, Merkel said Germany should be proud of their new president, elected by "the results are very convincing."

Merkel, who also came from East Germany, added that the election demonstrated the success of German reunification Gauck. "We also can be a little proud of it," said Merkel, adding progress must still be done to ensure the territory of the former East Germany has caught up with the prosperity of the West achieved.