Dennis Kucinich-Famous Politician in American

Dennis Kucinich

Dennis Kucinich Biography
Dennis Kucinich (born October 8, 1946) was an American politician currently representing the 10th Congressional District of Ohio in the United States House of Representatives. He is a candidate for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States in the 2008 election.

Kucinich grew up poor, one of seven children, the son of Croatian immigrants. At times in his childhood in 1950, Kucinich family forced to live in their cars. His political career began with a surprise victory in the election of 1969 the Cleveland City Council. He was 23 years old at the time. He then jumped to the relative political fame by winning election to lead the Cleveland mayor in 1976 and became the youngest mayor of a major city in the United States. He survived a bitter recall election but later lost re-election bid in 1978. The main controversy involved his refusal to sell the municipally-owned electric utilities to private industry.

Kucinich ran for Congress in 1996, won the 10th Congressional District as a Democrat. In 2004, he entered the race for the Democratic Presidential nomination, and although he stood little chance against the opponent is better known and better financed like Howard Dean, John Edwards, and the eventual winners, John Kerry, Kucinich made a name for himself as an outspoken progressive menggembar Boasting a very liberal attitude on issues such as environmental protection, gay rights, workers rights, the War in Iraq, and women's issues. Kucinich also stands out from all the other candidates through his vegan lifestyle, refusing to eat meat / animal products or wear leather or animal products / apparel.

In January 2007, Kucinich entered the race for the Democratic nomination in 2008. In Iowa, New Hampshire and other caucus and primary states, he never took more than 2% of the vote, and kept out of crucial debate a few. Continuing campaign to help the president make him look vulnerable in his home area, the 10th Congressional District of Ohio. Four challengers for congressional seats up, and that, along with the show vibrant in the Democratic primaries, Dennis Kucinich drop out of race due to the President on January 25, 2008.

After the 2010 census, Ohio lost a congressional district, and Dennis Kucinich stated publicly that Republicans in the Ohio legislature would eliminate the district or re-draw district boundaries to force him out of his Cleveland district. With that possibility in mind, Kucinich began to make many public appearances in Washington (State, not the city), and speculation began about whether he plans to move to Washington and run for Congress, either in the not-yet-created district of Washington granted new after the census, or in a congressional district. Incumbent in Washington 1 Distict, Jay Inslee, considered a potential candidate for governor, which would leave an empty chair.

Aamir Khan Life Story

Aamir Khan

Aamir Khan Biography
Aamir Khan: born as Aamir Hussain Khan born March 14, 1965, age 47 years) is an actor, director, and producer in the Bollywood film industry.
Aamir Khan started his career debut as a child actor in the film his own uncle Nasir Hussain's Yaadon Ki Baaraat (1973), eleven years later, Khan jumped into his professional career with the film, Holi (1984).


His first commercial success in the film Qayamat Se can be of no Qayamat (1988) which won the Film Festival Award for Best Debut Actor (Filmfare Award for Best Debut Actor). After seven previous nominations during the 1980s and the 1990s, Khan received his first Filmfare Best Actor Award (Filmfare Award for Best Actor) for his performance in Raja Hindustani (1996).  In 2001, she debuted as a film producer with the Academy Award nominated Lagaan. Khan played a major role in this film and was awarded both Best Actor (Filmfare Best Actor Award) for his performance.


After a four-year break from acting, Khan Ketan Mehta look slick with Mangal Pandey's: The Rising (2005), which won the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance for his role in Rang De Basanti (2006). In 2007, he made his directorial debut with Taare Zameen Par, and was awarded the Filmfare Best Director Award. This victory was followed by Ghajini (2008), which became the film with the highest grossing sales, and film 3 Idiots (2009), which has become the most successful Bollywood film of all time, regardless of inflation. In 2010, the Government of India honored with the Padma Bhushan for his contribution to the perfileman India.


Childhood

Khan was born in Bandra Holy Family Hospital, Mumbai, India. He comes from a family Muslim 7Pathan who are already actively involved in the Indian film industry for decades. His father, Tahir Hussain, is a film producer while his uncle, Nasir Hussain, was a film producer as well as a director and an actor.
Aamir Khan is the hereditary scholar and politician Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and second cousin of former Chairman of Rajya Sabha Dr Najma Heptullah.


Film Career

Early actor Khan film career began as a child actor in a production house, which was made by Nasir Hussain, titled Yaadon Ki baraat (1973) and Madhosh (1974). Eleven years later, when the adult diia began his acting debut in a role that is not very well known 'Ketan Mehta's Holi' (1984).
The first important role to reap sukese Khan came in 1988 in the film Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak who distradarai by Nasir Hussain's cousin Mansoor Khan. The film was commercially successful, and effective melesatkan Khan's career as the lead actor. After taking the role of 'typical chocolate hero', he also became a teen idol. Khan also starred in the award-winning film critic Raakh, earning his first award at the National Award for Special Jury Award. After that, he continued to appear in other films in the late '80s and early '90s: Dil (1990), which became the highest grossing film of the year, Dil Hai To Manta Nahin (1991), Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar (1992 ), Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Go (1993) (to which also wrote the screenplay), and Rangeela (1995). Most of these films the critical and commercial success.

Success include Andaz Apna Apna, co-starring Salman Khan. At the time of release of the film is viewed less favorably by critics, but over the years has acquired cult status.
Khan continued to act in only one or two films a year, a trait unusual for a mainstream Hindi film actor. The only release in 1996 is Varun Darshan directed commercial blockbuster Raja Hindustani in which he was paired opposite Karisma Kapoor. The film got her first Filmfare Best Actor Award, after seven previous nominations, and then became the biggest hit this year, and the third highest grossing Indian film in the 1990s  Khan seems to hit. a plateau at this time, and most of the film to follow over the next few years is only partially successful. In 1997, he co-starred with Ajay Devgan and Juhi Chawla in the film Ishq opposite pairs, which performed well at the box office. In 1998, Khan appeared in the moderately successful Ghulam, which he also sang John Mathew Matthan's playback Sarfarosh (1999)., Khan's first release in 1999, is also quite successful, getting the box office verdict on the average.


The film was highly appreciated amongst the critics and Khan's role as a dedicated, honest and uncorrupted police involved in the fight against terrorism at the border, has been well received, as its role in Earth Deepa Mehta's art house film. The first release of the new millennium, Mela, in which he acted with real life brother Faisal Khan, was both a box-office and critical bomb.


In 2001 he appeared in Lagaan. The film was a critical and commercial success of, and received a nomination for Best Foreign Language Film at the Academy Awards 74. In addition, the film gathered critical acclaim at several international film festivals, as well as India won numerous awards, including National Film Awards. Khan himself won the Filmfare Best Actor Award. The film continues to be one of the most popular Hindi film in the west.


The success of Lagaan Dil Chahta Hai was followed by the end of the year, in which the lead role along with Khan Akshaye Khanna and Saif Ali Khan, Preity Zinta playing his love interest. The film was written and directed by Farhan Akhtar's newcomers. According to critics, the film is breaking new grounds by showing Indian urban youth as they really today. The characters portrayed are modern, suave and cosmopolitan. This film is quite good and most successful in urban cities.


Khan then took a four year break citing personal problems, and again in 2005 with Ketan Mehta's Mangal Pandey: The Rising playing the title role of a real breeze and a martyr who helped spark the Indian Rebellion of 1857 or the 'First War of Indian Independence'.


Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra-winning, Rang De Basanti, was Khan's first release in 2006. His role was critically acclaimed, earning him the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance and various nominations for Best Actor. The film went on to become one of the highest grossing film the year, [19] and was selected as India's official entry to the Oscars. Although the film was not selected as a candidate, he received a nomination for Best Foreign Film at the BAFTA Awards in England. Khan worked in his next movie, Fanaa (2006) is also appreciated, and the film went on to become one of the highest grossing Indian film of 2006.


His 2007 film, Taare Zameen Par (Like Stars on Earth), also produced by him and marked his directorial debut. The film, which is the second victim of Aamir Khan Productions, starred Khan in a supporting role as a teacher who befriends and helps dyslexic children. Opened to excellent responses from critics and audiences alike. Khan's performance was well received, although he was highly praised for his directing.
In 2008, Khan appeared in the film Ghajini. The film was a great success and became the highest grossing film that year Bollywood. For performance in the film, Khan received several Best Actor nominations at various award ceremonies as well as his fifteenth Filmfare nominated for Best Actor.


In 2009 Khan appeared in the film 3 idiots commercially and critically acclaimed as Ranchodas Chanchad greatly appreciated. The film became one of the highest grossing Bollywood film [6] and won several Filmfare awards including Best Picture.

Producer

In 2001 Khan set up a production company known as the Aamir Khan Productions. His first film was Lagaan. The film was released in 2001, starring Khan as the lead actor. The film was selected as India's official entry to the 74 Academy Awards in the category Best Foreign Language Film. He was eventually chosen and nominated in that category, but lost to No Man's Land. The film won numerous awards at several award functions like Filmfare and IIFA India, and won a National Film Award for Most Popular Film, an award shared between Khan and the film's director, Ashutosh Gowarikar Khan. then commented on the loss of Lagaan at the Oscars:


Of course we are disappointed, but it really kept us in our spirits was that the whole country behind us "..
In 2007 he produced the drama Taare Zameen Par (Like Stars on Earth) which marks his directorial debut. Khan also played a supporting role in this film, sharing the screen with child actor Darsheel Safary debut. The film was originally conceived and developed by husband and wife team, Amole Gupte and Deepa Bhatia. This is the story of a young child who suffers in school until a teacher identifies him as dyslexic. The film was critically acclaimed and box office success. Taare Zameen Par won the 2008 Filmfare Best Movie Award as well as a number of other Filmfare and Star Screen Awards. Khan's work won two awards at the Filmfare, the Best Movie and Best Director award, established status as a competent filmmaker in Bollywood.


In 2008, Khan launched his nephew Imran Khan's debut in the film Jaane Tu Ya Jaane Na under his production house. The film was a big hit in India, and finally obtain Khan another nomination for Best Film at the Filmfare.


Personal life


During the years of Qayamat Se Qayamat years Tak, Khan married Reena Dutta. They have two children, a son named Junaid and a daughter, Ira. Reena was involved, briefly, in Khan's career when he worked as a producer for Lagaan. In December 2002, Khan filed for divorce, ending a 15-year marriage, with Reena taking the custody of their children. On December 28, 2005, he married Kiran Rao who had been assistant director to Ashutosh Gowariker during the filming of Lagaan.
Though nominated many times, Khan does not attend the Indian film awards ceremony when he feels "Indian film awards lack credibility" In the year 2007., Khan was invited to have a wax imitation of himself on display at Madame Tussauds in London. However, Khan refused to state that, "It's not important to me ... people will see my films if they want. Also, I can not deal with many things, I just for a lot of bandwidth.
In 2007, Khan loses battle for custody of his younger brother Faisal to their father, Tahir Hussain His father died on February 2, 2010.


In a 2009 interview, Khan states that he is likely to take an independent approach to the world of film making, noting that he did not "do something different, I try to do it in a different way. I think everyone should follow his / her dreams and try and allow it to create the ability to achieve it backed by its practicality. "He also indicated that he was more interested in film-making process of the final result:" For me, the process is more important, more fun to me. Want to have my entire concentration in the process right from the first step. "When asked about role models, he stated that," Gandhiji is one person who inspired me.

Montezuma II Biography

Montezuma II

Montezuma II Biography
Moctezuma Xocoyotl (1466-1520), better known as Montezuma II was born about the year 1466 AD From the descendants of the king, he is the youngest Axacatatl Maharaja, who ruled between the years 1469-81. Aztec king inherited and is not replaced by Ahuitzotl Axacayatl, the kind of hero whose rule between 1481-1502. Competent, have no sense of mercy and malignant, Ahuitzotl expanding Aztec empire and sacrifice is said to have held twenty thousand prisoners in the development teocalli, or sacrifice "temple."


When Ahuitzotl died, the board of nobles chose this theology students who are considered young even though the full potential for bold as the next emperor. This is Xocoyotl Moctezuma, last name means "younger."


The young Maharaja immediately showed signs of the caliber of government. Often campaigned in the presence of military forces, he won 43 battle crush his enemy that operates in the southern kingdom of the Aztecs.


Montezuma is a strong government in the country. He built and decorated the temples and provide clean water supplies in the capital city at Tenochtitlán to build aqueducts twins. To promote compliance with the law, he turned to using the tactics of giving a bribe to the judge to determine their sincerity. He also merayau on the streets in disguise to determine its laws obeyed.


What causes the fall of Montezuma to the case can be summarized: bawdy religious beliefs. Haunted by the belief obscene and as a student of theology, he was familiar with the legend of Quetzalcoatl, the Aztec god who is believed to be home to Mexico as a white beard. Montezuma is very confident that this will mark the return of the god of the fall of his empire.
By it, so he knows the Spanish army landing (a bearded and white) in Veracruz, Montezuma hit a dilemma. He held a meeting with the supreme adviser, including his ally, King of Texcoco Cacama. But this discussion has reached a dead end, some would oppose military kerana Cortés, while the other half would serve as the god of this explorer.
Finally, Montezuma has made a decision that is right: that is by giving a bribe to leave Cortés to Mexico is to take the form of a gift of gold to him. "It just opens the wealth and weakness," wrote William H. Prescott, a historian of the conquest of Mexico's famous century-l9. Cortés has a bold attitude, perhaps because of a deep desire to conquer Mexico.


When told by the representative of Montezuma Montezuma that Cortés was reluctant to see him smugly replied that he would leave Mexico while he was not going to Tenochtitlan to pay homage to the Maharaja. As a token of his sincerity, he has ordered all ships (except one) to be burned and destroyed.



This drastic action has increased the fear of Montezuma. He finally picked up to go to the Cortés capital Tenochtitlán on November 12, 1519. In addition, he has allowed Cortés and several aides to enter the kingdom Mahligai. Cortéspun take this opportunity to hold Montezuma in his own place on the grounds he had ordered his people on the coast to attack the Spanish garrison at Veracruz.



Spanish parties now have a valuable ransom. Although arrested and persecuted Montezuma kidnappers are still flattering. Instead he accepted their requests such as cleaning up the victims, raising the cross on the temple, accepted Christianity and also adherent to the King of Spain at that time namely King Carlos V. His actions have caused outrage people.



To compound the problem, Cortés received the bad news that the Spanish troops had been driven by Velázquez to arrest him for denying his orders are not conquer the country of Mexico. He mandated the administration of the capital entrusted to his lieutenant Pedro de Alvarado namely lieutenant. Then, he and his army moved toward Cuba and killing their expedition led by Panfilo de Narvaez. Cortés then informs the losing side of the capital city of gold in Tenochtitlán, and they agreed to accompany Cortés army.


When Cortés returned to the capital, he found that Alvarado and his army have been killed by a gang of all Aztec nobility and those who are still alive have a new overlord menabalkan the Cuitláhuac. Alvarado has been doing so because they think it's a religious ceremony as a rebellion. Cuitláhuac then directed his officers to surround Mahligai occupied by the Spanish and Montezuma. Cortés had no other options and asked to speak on the bridge Montezuma Mahligai to its people and urged them to let the Spanish soldiers out safely. However, people already hate him especially after defiled their religion by raising the cross on their temples and murder directed by Alvarado. Then they were taunting him and throwing big stones at him. Montezuma consequently suffered severe injuries on his head. Cortés La Malinche together to try to negotiate with groups that oppose it, but the talks ended when the emperor died two weeks after that on June 30, 1520.

Leonard Bernstein -Famous Composers In the United States

Leonard Bernstein

Leonard Bernstein was a composer, conductor, pianist from the United States. Variety of his work, especially with the New York Philharmonic, has been produced worldwide.  In 1953, Bernstein with Maria Callas became the first American to lead the opera at the Teatro alla Scala, Milan, entitled "Medea", by Cherubini.Salah one their work is Mahler's famous Symphony orchestra performed together with the dipimpimnya, New York Philharmonic.Dalam the theater, especially Broadway, Bernstein also produced several famous works like West Side Story and Candide.


Bernstein was born in Lawrence, Massachusetts on 25 August 1918. Since childhood, she has been taking piano pelajan up and go to the Garrison and Boston Latin School (Garrison and Boston Latin Schools). In 1940, Bernstein joined the symphony orchestras of Boston (Boston Symphony Orchestra) led by Serge Koussevitzky.Pada 14 October 1990, Bernstein died after receiving various awards during his lifetime.

Mark Twain-Novelist, writer, and Instructor of American States.

Mark Twain

Samuel Langhorne Clemens (born 30 November 1835 - died 21 April 1910 at age 74 years), better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was a novelist, writer, and instructor of American States.


Some of his most famous work is The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, The Prince and the Pauper, A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, and one non-fiction book, Life on the Mississippi.


Mark Twain was born in 1835. He grew up in Hannibal, Missouri, a small town just off the Mississippi river in the United States. as a teenager he was attracted to the steamers that ply the rivers of the United States.



When she was very young, Twain had worked as a clerk in a printing press print, and sometimes as a newspaper writer. As a young teenager, he became captain of the river and over the four years of sailing on the river Mississippi.


At the time of the American Civil War broke out in 1860, Mark moved to the western region in California. It was then that he changed his name to "Mark Twain" meaning "two fathoms of it". That is the term used by the crew of the river water when they measured it.


The novels of Mark Twain's most famous is The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.


Both of these books each telling the kids I was a teenager growing. Their experiences are fascinating it describes life in the middle of the nineteenth century, and tells the story of conflict-pertentanganyang arise between young people and adults. Like most of Twain's writing, these books are full of humor too. Increasing age increases, the more serious writing. Mark Twain died in 1910.



The word virtue is remembered Mark Twain:
"Kindness is a deaf person can hear and be seen by the blind. "

Helena Rubinstein ,Cosmetics Queen Helena Rubinstein

Helena Rubinstein

Helena Rubinstein (born in Kraków, December 25, 1870 - died in New York City, 1 April 1965 at age 94 years) was a United States-born cosmetics queen of Poland. He was born in Kraków as Chaja Rubinstein, who was then the capital of Grand Duchy of Krakau, Austria-Hungary in the region, in 1902 he moved to Australia and opened a store there, and then changed its name to Helena. He is the founder and eponym of Helena Rubinstein, Incorporated, which makes him one of the richest women in the world. Chaja Rubinstein Rubinstein was born, the eldest of eight children, to Augusta Gitte (Gitel) Scheindel Silberfeld Rubinstein and Naftali Herz Horace Rubinstein, he was a shopkeeper in Kraków. For a short time, he studied medicine in Switzerland.


He combines medical and ointment formula that the material claimed to be taken from the Carpathian Mountains. In 1908, he moved to London, then to Paris in 1912, then to New York City in 1914. Since 1917 Helena Rubinstein cosmetics manufacture and produce in large scale. He founded the Helena Rubinstein, Incorporated, and made him one of the richest women in the world. Rubinstein arrived in Australia in 1902, with no money and little English. Style clothing and skin milk does not go unnoticed among urban women, however, and he soon found enthusiastic buyers for beauty cream jar in his suitcase. Spotting the market, he started making his own.


Fortunately, the main ingredient is ready at hand. Coleraine, in Western Victoria, where his uncle was a shopkeeper, might have been a "terrible place" but it's no shortage of material. Sheep, about 75 million of them, is the wealth of the nation and the masses of the Western District of Merinos produce the best wool in the soil, secrete abundant amounts of oil, a chemical known as lanolin, in the process. To disguise the essential components of its product odor, Rubinstein experimented with lavender, pine bark and water lilies. He also managed to fall out with his uncle. After the job as nanny bushes, he got a job as a waiter in Winter Garden Tearooms in Melbourne.



There, he found an admirer willing to stump up the funds to start his Valaze Crème, supposedly including herbs imported "from the Carpathian Mountains". Cost ten pence and sold for six shillings, he walked off the shelves as fast as he could pack in a pot. Rubinstein immediately able to open a salon in fashionable Collins Street, selling glamor as a science for clients whose skin is "diagnosed" and a suitable treatment "prescribed". Sydney is the next, and within five years of operation of Australia is profitable enough to finance the Salon de Beaute Valaze in London. Thus, Rubinstein formed one of the first companies in the world of cosmetics.


Its business enterprise proved very successful and later in life he used the enormous wealth for him to support the charitable institutions in education, arts and health. Small at 4 ft 10 in (147 cm), he quickly expanded its operations. In 1908, her sister Ceska assumed Melbourne store operations, when, with $ 100,000, Rubinstein moved to London and began what became an international company. (Women currently can not obtain bank loans, so the money itself.) In 1908, she married William Edward Titus American journalist in London.


They have two sons, Roy Valentine Titus (London, December 12, 1909, New York, June 18, 1989) and Horace Titus (London, April 23, 1912, New York, May 18, 1958). They eventually moved to Paris where he opened his salon in 1912. Her husband helps with the writing of publications and founded a small publishing house, published Beloved Lady Chatterley and Samuel Putnam hired to translate the memoirs of the famous Ford Models. At the outbreak of World War I, he and Titus moved to New York City, where he opened a cosmetics salon in 1915, the predecessor of the chain across the country. This is the beginning of the vicious competition with other large women of the cosmetics industry, Elizabeth Arden.


Both Rubinstein and Arden, who died within 18 months of each other, is a social climber. And they are both very aware of effective marketing and fancy packaging, the appeal of beauty in a neat uniform, the value of celebrity endorsements, the perceived value of overpricing and the promotion of pseudo-science of skin care. Mme. Rubinstein died April 1, 1965 and was buried in Mount Olivet Cemetery in Queens. Some of the real her, including Africa and the fine arts, Lucite furniture, Victorian furniture and strained layered purple, was auctioned in 1966 at the Park-Bernet galleries in New York. One of the mantras various Rubinstein was: "There is no ugly women, only lazy." A scientific study of exclusive beauty salon and how they affect the vague and conceptual boundaries at the time in between fashion, art galleries, the domestic interior and a version of modernism explored by Marie J. Clifford (Winterthur Portfolio, vol. 38). A feature-length documentary film, Powder and the Glory (2009) by Ann Carol Grossman and Arnie Reisman, details of the competition between Rubinstein and Elizabeth Arden.

Rowland Hill - Father Stamp World

Rowland Hill

Rowland Hill - Father Stamp World
Sir Rowland Hill was the son of a teacher who was born on December 3, 1795. His father Thomas Wright Hill and his family live in Kidderminster, England. Thomas child of six men and two women. One of his sons son named Rowland Hill. Britain during the war - France in the late 18th century, Thomas Hill family life and the poor suffer. Rowland was living in a small straitened circumstances. But education is instilled by the Thomas family, his children not to make trouble, otherwise they remain studious or diligent reading quality books, which can improve their fighting spirit.


One of the books are in great demand character development among children, at the time, among other works of Miss Edgeworth. The books of Miss Edgeworth was also favored small Rowland. The moral messages pangarang Rowland impressive. Perhaps because Rowland avid reader of books about the character development makes him grow into a vibrant young man of steel, diligent, innovative, and creative. That's all push his goal to achieve a dignified and rewarding life for many people. In the age of 11 years, Rowland Hill began helping his father to manage the school. At the time of Rowland's talent began to appear. He was industrious, tenacious, patient, intelligent, and creative. Rowland long enough engaged in education.



In the age of 30, Rowland moved the city, from Birmingham to a town near London. Rowland in the city with his brother founded a special school at Bruce Castle, Tottenham. His efforts in education run smoothly and successfully. Rowland introduced in school education system is called; Hazlewood:. Philosophy of education system are: dare speak the truth and dare to defend the truth. That is one of basic democracy. And that's one of Rowland's vision and mission schools. In addition disciplined life should be owned by all students, especially for all educators. Rowland is very like the business school.



He was very diligent, disciplined, and consistently led the school. In fact, he often worked for 15 hours a day to school. This makes health declined. As a result, the doctor, he told lots of rest. After his health began to improve and felt he was healthy, Rowland no longer take care of his school, but working in a foundation, whose purpose is to disseminate knowledge and technology. Rowland is also engaged in the social field, the vision-mission to reduce poverty and reduce crime. Step forward in the social field that is set up charities that aim to empower communities in South Australia. When the continent of Australia was a colony of Great Britain.

The social agency on the initiative e.g. Wakerfield. Rowland became secretary of the social body. In the meantime, Rowland continues to actively pursue his hobby in the field of printing, the science of administration and taxation. At the same time the transport industry and thrive. It is about sending letters and goods increasingly crowded. Rowland saw the opportunity. Shipping rates letters or articles for Rowland should be regulated, can not be allowed to continue, let alone figure Scientists Inventors - Rowland Hill - Mr. World Stamps - Inventors Scientists Figures expensive or free. He argues that the delivery of mail or goods can be used as a source of cash income for the kingdom. Then in 1837 Rowland Hill suggested to the British Parliament:



(1) The cost of mailing must be affordable to the public. Cheap postage which is expected to be more and more people send letters, and more and more money into government coffers.
(2) To increase the number of the sender of the mail, postage rates should be uniform, regardless of mileage accounted for mail delivery. (3) To avoid the problems of delivery, postage must be paid in advance.


You do this by attaching a small piece of paper, name stamps. This idea arose after discovery of abuse of the services performed a pair of teenagers in the UK. The couple separated a distance of their homes far away. At one point, the two teens had agreed to make certain signs that are only known to them both. Then, they repeatedly send the letter without pay. Apparently, the young man wrote a letter earlier to the signs that only they know. After the letter reached the hands of women, said in the introduction, that he did not know the sender of the letter. Of course, before he said, he had first read the signs listed on the mailing envelope. Thus, the girl free of postal charges, because the letter is returned again.


By Sir Rowland Hill, in the presence of the adverse events that post, then diajukannyalah proposal to Parliament that contains just the renewal of the existing postal system, postal rates are the same for all parts of the UK up to the letter that weighs half an ounce, to avoid misuse mailing costs, the costs must be prepaid by gluing a piece of paper marks the settlement. That's a sign of redemption we now refer to as postage stamps. Rowland Hill was thought to be the basis of economic theory also raises a lot of disagreement among members of parliament. In 1840 Rowland suggestions or ideas for using stamps received by the parliament of Great Britain. Only here and then the birth of a stamp, a small piece of paper that became a sign of mailing payment. Not surprisingly, Rowland Hill later dubbed as the Father of the World Stamps. It was then that the world knows the function of stamps, of franco said.


Sir Rowland Hill received a knighthood Knight and the right to use the title Sir. On 17-8-1879 Sir Rowland Hill died in London. In Indonesia, the first time the stamp was introduced on 1 April 1864, a picture of King Willem III. During its development, the utilization of stamps now not only as a sign of full payment for the delivery of mail, but postage is also used as a source of information in a broad sense. Especially after the establishment of the UPU (Universal Postale Union) in 1874, the EDAR stamps are becoming increasingly widespread. Added in the 19th century, more and more people are collecting philatelic items, this led to the appeal pranko as the larger collection of objects, especially the variation of the shape and design of stamps of the world .. Stamps can also be used as a teaching tool to recognize the history, culture, flora and fauna, technology, and more. Not only that, collecting postage stamps can also exercise patience, perseverance, thoroughness, accuracy, and encourage people to an activity or activities that are positive in nature.

Henry Cole-Leader Graphic Design

Henry Cole

Graphic Design Leader Henry Cole.
Sir Henry Cole (15 July 1808-18 April 1882) was a civil servant who helps the implementation of various innovations in trade and education in the United Kingdom in the 19th century. Henry Cole began his career when he was aged 15 years working in the Office of Public Records. While serving assistant archivist, he was known as the man who did the update within the organization and promote preservation techniques at the National Archives of the United Kingdom. From years 1837 to 1840, Cole worked as an assistant to Rowland Hill, and helped design the Penny Post system (mailing costs 1 penny).

His name is sometimes referred to as designer Penny Black which is the world's first postage stamp. In 1843, Cole designed the first Christmas cards in the world. Illustration of the card is done named John Callcott Horsley artist.


Industrial design is a personal interest in Cole. By using the pseudonym Felix summerly, the design is embodied in a number of products, including Minton teapot award-winning production. In addition, Henry Cole wrote a children's book series under the pen name Felix summerly, among them a book of stories from The home treasury, A hand-book for the architecture, sculpture, tombs, and decorations of Westminster Abbey (1859), and The most delectable history of Reynard the Fox (illustrated with twenty-four colored pictures by Aldert van Everdingen) (1846). As a member of the Institute for Promotion of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce, Cole lobbied the government to support its efforts to promote industrial design standards.


Thanks to the support of Prince Albert, a royal charter issued to the Royal Institute for the Promotion of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (Royal Society of Arts, abbreviated as RSA). With Prince Albert as a patron, in 1847 Cole Manufacturing Exhibition of Art organized the first, and continues to exhibit greater in the next two years (1848 and 1849). In 1849, Cole visited the Paris Exhibition Quinquennial to-11 in Paris. and see at least the participants from abroad. In his opinion, Manufacturing Art Exhibition held in the UK RSA can be expanded into an international exhibition. Scientists figure Inventor - Henry Cole Graphic Design Leaders - Leaders Scientists Inventors Thanks to the support of Queen Victoria, Cole in 1850 founded the Empire Exhibition of 1851, the Committee is the organizer of the new Art Exhibition Manufacturing, with Prince Albert as chairman. Thanks to the efforts Cole, the committee to host the Great Exhibition of Works of Industry of All Nations May 1 through October 15, 1851 at the Crystal Palace, Hyde Park, London. This international exhibition visited by many people and financially rewarding. As a member of the committee, Cole was instrumental in channeling the sum of £ 186,000 as a result of the World Exhibition advantage.


The money is donated to a project to increase arts and science education in the United Kingdom. Purchased a parcel of land in the area of ​​South Kensington was built as a center for a number of educational and cultural institutions. The region has earned the nickname "Albertopolis". Henry Cole was appointed as Chairman of the Applied Arts Department inspectors who founded the government for the improvement of standards of design and art education in Britain. As the official overseer, Cole was instrumental in the development of the Albert and Victoria Museum which was originally founded as the Museum of Ornamental Art in Marlborough House. Cole set to move the museum's current location, as well as the first director (1857-1873) for the museum that was originally called the South Kensington Museum. Residence is located directly opposite the museum, at 33 Thurloe Square is now marked with a blue plaque. Cole was instrumental in building the Kingdom of the Academy of Art graduate school design field. In addition, he also co-founded various institutions in South Kensington, such as the Royal Academy of Music and Royal Academy of London. Department of Mathematics Royal Academy even occupy the building formerly called The Sir Henry Cole (Sir Henry Cole Wing) before the building was donated to the Victoria & Albert Museum.


Awards he received as a successful organizer of the World Exposition is the Order of the Bath (CB) and a knighthood from Queen Victoria in 1875. The media often refer to Cole's "Old King", because it is known as the man who is supported personally by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert in particular that always pointed to Cole as the leader of the personal projects like blazes.

Eadweard Muybridge-Famous figures in the World Photography

Eadweard Muybridge

Eadweard J. Muybridge: 9 April 1830 - 8 May 1904) was a British photographer of Dutch descent who spent most of his life in the United States. He is known for his pioneering work on the motion of animals used multiple cameras to capture motion, and zoopraksiskop, a device for projecting motion pictures through a perforated flexible film strip.


Early life and career

Muybridge was born in Kingston upon Thames, England on April 9, 1830. He emigrated to the United States, arrived in San Francisco in 1855, where he began his career as an agent of publishers and booksellers. He left San Francisco in the late 1860s, and after a stagecoach accident in which he received a severe head injury, returned to England for several years.
While recuperating back in England, he took photography seriously at times between 1861 and 1866, where he learned the Collodion process.


He reappears in San Francisco in 1866 and quickly became a success in photography, focusing mainly on landscape and architectural subjects, although his business card is also advertised his services to potret.Foto of her being sold by various photographic entrepreneurs Montgomery Street (especially companies from Bradley & Rulofson), the main commercial street of San Francisco, during those years.


Death

Eadweard Muybridge returned to his native England for good in 1894, published two further, popular books of his work, and died on May 8, 1904 in Kingston upon Thames while living at her cousin Catherine Smith, Park View, 2 Liverpool Road. The house has a commemorative plaque on the wall outside the British Film Institute which was inaugurated in 2004.Muybridge cremated and his ashes buried at Woking in Surrey.


Heritage


Many Muybridge photographic sequences have been published since 1950 as a reference book artist.  cartoon animator often uses Muybridge photos as a reference when drawing their characters. Since 1991, Optical Toys company has issued in the form of Muybridge sequences Flipbook film.


Filmmaker Thom Andersen made a documentary film titled 1974 Eadweard Muybridge, Zoopraxographer, depicting the life and work.
Opera composer Philip Glass The Photographer of 1982 was based on Muybridge murder trial, with a libretto including text from a court transcript. A promotional music video featuring excerpts from the opera dramatizing the murder and trial, and includes a large number of images Muybridge.


A drama of Studies in Motion: The hauntings of Eadweard Muybridge made his debut in 2006, co-production between Vancouver Electric Company Theatre and Theatre University of British Columbia. While mixing fiction with fact, it tells the story of Muybridge's obsession with cataloging animal movement. Production began touring in 2010.


In 2007, Canadian poet Rob Winger Muybridge's Horse writing: a poem in three phases, a long poem was nominated for a Governor General Award for Literature, Trillium Book Award for Poetry, and the Ottawa Book Award. It documented his obsession with style and 'poetic-photography'. It won the CBC Literary Award for Poetry.


In 1985, the music video for Larry Gowan single "(You're A) Strange Animal" prominently display d Rotoscope animation of Muybridge's work. In 1986, the order of galloping horses used in the background of John Farnham music video for the song "Pressure Down". In 1993, rock band U2 made a video of their song "Lemon" in tribute to Muybridge's techniques. In 2004, an electronic music group The Crystal Method made a music video for their song "Born Too Slow" based on the work of Muybridge, including a man walking in front of a background grid.

Kingston University in London, England has a building named in recognition of Muybridge's work as one of Britain's most influential photographers.

Biography of Lee DeForest

Lee DeForest

In addition to Marconi, who participated instrumental in the development of radio technology was Lee DeForest. He is a physicist from the United States who managed to find a triode or audion tube in 1906. De Forest was born in Council Bluff, Iowa, United States on August 26, 1873. He is often called the father of radio, television grandfather, a doctor of physics, and has successfully created 300 inventions.

Triode or audion tube was an important tool that is widely used in radio, telephone, radar, television, and computers. In 1912, De Forest found that the triode or audion tube amplifier can be used as an electrical signal and power oscillations. When the triode widely used in various communications tools, but since 1947 triode transistor is replaced by technology. Although the technology he invented triode replaced by other technologies, but De Forest was still regarded as a leading figure in the field of electronics.

De Forest was born of a family pastor. His father was a preacher and fanatic who wants to prepare De Forest to be a priest like him. When he was 6 years old, she and her family moved to Alabama. As a good priest, the family De Forest has always defended the weaker. De Forest's father founded a school for Negroes despite getting huge opposition from the white The people.

De Forest students with a strong and disciplined by his father to become a pastor. Even so, it did not dampen the interest and talent in the world of machines. He was not further explore the science of divinity, but instead to devote his attention in engine technology. At the age of 30 years he liked to make a mini steam engine and locomotive mini.

When he was 20 years (1893), De Forest received at Yale University. Due to the limitations of the family economy, De Forest was forced to attend classes while working rough. Many people believed that the actual De Forest did not include students who are smart. Nevertheless, in 1899 he earned a doctorate of physics, with a dissertation on radio waves.

After earning his doctorate, De Forest worked at Western Electric Company in
Chicago, United States. He worked on the dynamo, telephone, and laboratory experiments. In 1902, De Forest established the telegraph company. Subsequently in 1907, he founded the phone company. But due to lack of talent in
entrepreneurship, the company finally  insolvent De Forest. The disadvantage lies in the
the difficulty in selecting good employees and easily deceived by others. Of
In terms of personality, De Forest, including people who have trouble making decisions, individualistic, and egocentric. After a career for about 55 years,insolvent De Forest last breath on June 30, 1961 in Hollywood, California at the age of 88 years.

Imagawa Yoshimoto-Yoshimoto Imagawa Daimyo figure

Yoshimoto Imagawa Daimyo figure
Imagawa Yoshimoto (1519-1560) was a daimyo in the days of civil war or the Sengoku period of Japanese rule over the area of ​​Suruga, and Mikawa Totomi. Derived from the word Daimyōshu daimyo, the head of a respectable family) that means the person who has great influence in the region. In the samurai in Japanese society, the term used for samurai daimyo who had extensive land rights (the landlord) and has many bushi as a follower. Yoshimoto was born as the son of Imagawa Ujichika-5. In his youth, he was sent to the Temple Zentoku to study Buddhism, where he became a monk by the name Baigaku Shoho. In 1526, his father died and the position as head of the Imagawa clan fell into the hands of his eldest brother, Imagawa Ujiteru.

In 1536, Ujiteru suddenly died without leaving heirs, rumor has it was poisoned. Imagawa clan of inner conflict because Ujiteru brothers fighting each other to become head of the clan, in the history of this event known as the riot Hanagura, hanagura-no-ran). In the chaotic situation that Yoshimoto out of the temple and return to secular life. He was involved in the conflict, the strongest rival is his half-brother, Ethan Genkō. Most followers of other clans over support Yoshimoto, support is also strengthened by her own mother, the legal wife of Ujichika. Genkō ultimately killed Ethan, Yoshimoto emerged as the winner also inherits the position as head of the Imagawa clan is new.


He quickly consolidated his power and forge alliances with the rulers of neighboring regions, one with a married daughter Nobutora Takeda, daimyo Kai. As a reliable administrator, Yoshimoto conducted a series of surveys and change Sumpu region, the capital of its territory, a cultural center. He followed the style of the Kyoto nobility to shave her eyes and blacken the teeth, it is also very fond of games or here (traditional Japanese football). One of his wives who was the daughter of Kyoto nobility helped organize many Sumpu area. Yoshimoto not very expert in the military so as to these matters, it depends a lot on his uncle, a sohei (warrior monks) named Sessai Choro, better known by the name Budhisnya, Taigen Sessai. Yoshimoto advantages lie in the political field, in 1545, he mengarsiteki alliance of three clans, namely Imagawa, Takeda, and Hojo. He also frequently acts as a mediator who mediates Takeda and Hojo are often conflicting.


Recognizing the importance of the Takeda clan of Kai power next door to him, he was very concerned about developments there. In 1541, he helped Takeda Shingen, Nobutora son, in an attempt to overthrow his own father. Yoshimoto stall withstand Nobutora who happened at that time was visiting her daughter in order to stay longer in the Reference Biography: Suruga pending the preparation of cooked Shingen. When Nobutora return to its territory, he was barred from entering the border by the son of Kai and his subordinates. Nobutora eventually exiled and became a monk until his death. He established good relationships with Shingen, the new clan leader Takeda, together they stormed the Hojo in 1544, but the battle has not resulted in significant progress, so he arranged a peace negotiation after facing Hojo Ujiyasu in Kitsunebashi. After defeating the Shiba clan, Yoshimoto Totomi annexed into the territory.



Followed by subjecting the clan of Mikawa Matsuidara year 1548, clan Matsuidara submit Matsuidara Motoyasu (later known as Tokugawa Ieyasu) as a hostage. In order to expand to the west, Yoshimoto have to deal with the Oda clan of Owari. In 1542, Imagawa and Oda in Battle Azukizaka face. In this battle, defeated by Oda Nobuhide Imagawa, head of the Oda clan. Year 1548, following riots in the Mikawa region, Imagawa and Oda was again involved in combat. Yoshimoto sent his uncle, Taigen Sessai to face in the Battle of Oda Nobuhide Azukizaka II. In this battle Sessai Imagawa clan managed to avenge last six years. Nobuhide lost and died the following year. 1550's was the heyday of the Imagawa clan, Yoshimoto has a strong position among the daimyo, other daimyo in eastern Japan. In 1553, he was editing the Imagawa kana mokuroku tsuika, namely the expansion of the clan rules made since the time of his father. He founded the printing company in Sumpu and set editing Imagawa clan history throughout five chapters.


In 1560, with full confidence, Yoshimoto led his army to conquer the 25 000 Kyoto, the imperial capital. At that time the daimyo who had occupied the Kyoto regarded as the strongest. To go to Kyoto, the troops have crossed the border of Owari, the Oda clan, his nemesis. His first attack on Oda quite successful, two forts belonging to the clan Oda been won. To celebrate this initial victory, Yoshimoto ordered his troops set up camp in Dengakuhazama, near Okehazama. Unexpectedly, Oda Nobunaga, Nobuhide's son who has become the new head of the clan, make a surprise attack. Imagawa troops carousing soluble Nobunaga would not expect them to attack the weather conditions it was raining a storm.


Nobunaga led a surprise attack Imagawa troops who were partying in disorder and panic-stricken. In the midst of chaos Yoshimoto escaped with his horse, but the horse was startled and dropped instead. He was surrounded by people meeting Oda. One by one the guards falling in the hands of the enemy. A follower of Oda, Shinsuke Mori, managed to cut off the head after a fight with fierce Yoshimoto him. Yoshimoto was killed with a piece of a finger in his mouth for Mori in the struggle that he was biting the finger Mori. After his death, he was succeeded by his son, Imagawa Ujizane, which is useless. Imagawa clan destroyed shortly afterwards, its territory was plundered by the Tokugawa and Takeda.

Luis von Ahn LifeStory

Luis von Ahn 

Luis von Ahn Biography

Dr. Luis von Ahn (born in 1979 in Guatemala City, Guatemala) is a businessman and Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science known as one of the pioneering idea of ​​crowdsourcing at Carnegie Mellon University.He. He is the founder of the company reCAPTCHA, which was sold to Google in 2009. As a professor, his research includes captchas and human calculations, and has gained international recognition and many praiseworthy. He was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship (also known as the "genius grant") in 2006, David and Lucile Packard Foundation Fellowship in 2009, the Sloan Fellowship in 2009, and the Microsoft New Faculty Fellowship in 2007. He also has been called one of the 50 Best Brains in Science by Discover magazine, and has made it to the list of recognized many magazines including Popular Science Brilliant, 10 Silicon.com 's 50 most influential people of Technology, TR35 Technology Assess this: In the young Updates under 35, and 100 of the Most Innovative FastCompany people in the business.


Siglo Veintiuno, a major newspaper in Guatemala, chose him as the person years in 2009. In 2011, Foreign Policy magazine in Spanish named him the most influential intellectuals of Latin America and Spain.



Biography

Von Ahn grew up in Guatemala City. He has attended the American School of Guatemala and graduated in 1996. He received a B.S. in mathematics (summa cum laude) from Duke University in 2000. He earned a Ph.D. from Carnegie Mellon University in 2005 under seliaan professor Manuel Blum, who is famous for advising some of the most prominent researchers in the field of computer science. In 2011, he was awarded the A. Nico Habermann seats in the development of computer science, which is given every three years to junior faculty members of exceptional promise in the Center for Computer Science.


Work

Von Ahn early research was in the field of cryptography. By Nicholas J. Hopper and John Langford, he was the first to give a rigorous definition of steganography and to prove that private primary steganography is available.


In 2000, he did pioneering work beginning with the captchas Manuel Blum, computer-generated test that humans are routinely able to pass but that the computer was no longer used by the site mastered.These device to prevent automatic programs, or bots, from perpetrating large-scale abuse, such as automatically signing up for an account number or a purchase of a large number of tickets for resale by the Scalpers. Von Ahn captchas brought the first widespread fame among the general public because the coverage in The New York Times, USA Today, Discovery Channel, NOVA ScienceNOW, and other mainstream branch.
Von Ahn, Ph.D. thesis, prepared in 2005, is the first publication to use the term "human computation" that he had suggested to the method that combines the power of the human mind with computers to solve problems that can not complete the course. Von Ahn, Ph.D. This thesis first work to the Games with a purpose, or GWAPs, which is a game played by humans who produce useful computation as a side effect. The most famous example is the ESP game, online game where two people are paired at random simultaneously show the same image, with no way to communicate. Each then lists some word or phrase that describes the image within the time limit, and rewarded with an eye for the game. This game turned out to be an appropriate caption, and can be successfully used in the database for a more precise image search technology. ESP game licensed by Google in Google Image Labeler, and used to improve the accuracy of Google Image Search. [1 Von Ahn took the game in the mainstream media coverage of the inaugural. His thesis won the Best Doctoral Dissertation of the Center for the Study of Philosophy in Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University.


In July 2006, von Ahn gave a talk at Google about tech "Human Computation" (ie, crowdsourcing) to be a virus and has been seen by more than one million viewers.


In 2007, von Ahn created reCAPTCHA, a new form of CAPTCHA that also helps digitize books. The reCAPTCHA, image is displayed to the user's words that come directly from old books that have been digitized, they are words that optical character recognition can not be identified and sent to people all over the web are identified. ReCAPTCHA is now used by more than 100,000 websites and is being copied over 40 million words every day.
So that in 2011, von Ahn works in Duolingo, a project which aims to coordinate the millions of people to translate Web into every major language

Reynold B. Johnson - The inventor of Computer Hard Disk

Reynold B. Johnson

Reynold B. Johnson Biography
Reynold B. Johnson was born in the state of Minnesota, USA, 1906. He is the inventor of the disk and is called the "father of the disk drive". Indeed, childhood and adolescence Reynold away from the computer business. There, he also ate the school bench. Lecture at the University of Minnesota, he majored in education administration. Having completed his bachelor's degree in 1929, Johnson taught at a secondary school in Ironwood, Michigan. There to be a teacher of natural science and mathematics. His strength, Mr. Johnson teachers find ways to make math make his equations mumet students, can be more easily understood.


Ever also at one time, two students caught stealing a radio school. Both were convicted. During the period of their sentence was mentored Johnson. The teacher changed the sentence into something useful. Reynold every day to make a tool to guide both experiments. Until the end of their sentences, these two students have created a tool to examine the test sheet that uses a system of multiple-choice multiple choice alias. Although shrewd educate students, educational career Johnson failed miserably in the middle of the road. Four years teaching at the school, the teacher was fired instead. This event is not only a life-changing teacher Johnson, but also changed the history of data storage systems. Johnson use their spare time to finalize the grading machine had multiple choice exam. The results are staying to the few number of companies, including IBM. Finally, only a year of unemployment, in 1934, Johnson was appointed to be an engineer at IBM.


He was placed in a laboratory at Columbia University and IBM Endicott, New York. His job was just one: developing a grading machine sheet multiple choice exam. This machine is capable of reading pencil on the answer sheet, and then automatically calculate and disclose the final results of visual assessment. The idea of ​​making this machine does not come just like that. Since the boy, Johnson knew about the electrical properties of the pencil number 2 (a kind of pencil 2B), which is often used by students for the exam. Johnson runny, like the engine idle T Ford owned by his sister, by rubbing with a pencil-rubbing was the spark plug. From there, Johnson began to realize the magnetic content of the pencil, which can then be detected by the grading machine test sheet creation. Machine called the IBM 805, and then to thousands of units produced in 1937. At least, until the decade of the 1970s, the IBM 805 is still widely used.


The next episode of Johnson's career, began when IBM officials recognize the need for data storage systems will increase rapidly. That is why, in 1952, the company that sent Johnson to San Jose, California to form a team that was given the mammoth task. Looking for a data storage system is fast and reliable. In his new place, Johnson continued his research begun by IBM's research team at Columbia. One is the storage engine Random Access Memory (RAM). The system allows users to access and find data more quickly. At the time, typically the data stored on the card plong or magnetic tape (magnetic tape). This method is very meticulous. It takes many minutes to find the desired data. Initially, Johnson who had 15 of his staff, focusing on the development of storage systems alias rotating cylindrical drum. At that time, this model of the storage media are being widely developed.


Later, the team is more interested in the disc-shaped storage discs developed by Jacob Rabinow of the National Bureau Standard. The reason is simple. In his mind, disc storage is more easily developed, more reliable, and economical cost. That's why all personnel deployed to the project. The results are remarkable. At the end of 1955, they successfully make a hard disk storage that is named the IBM 350. Hard disk is part of a computer system called the RAMAC 305 (distinguishing the penyimpannya system, called the IBM 305). RAMAC itself is short for Random Access Method of Accounting Control, a system that is able to provide fast data access for users in that period. Unlike hard disks that were found on the market today, IBM 350 was much more bongsor. The magnitude of the equivalent of two refrigerators in a row. Its weight was unsparing, one ton. That's because, he composed 50 pieces 24-inch diagonal disks (about 60 cm), which piled. Storage capacity? About 5 megabytes of data.

When used to store the MP3 music file format, IBM 350 can only load one file songs, more or less, a duration of 5 minutes. Compare this to the hard disk of the latest


Seagate, the newly launched mid this year. With a size of 3.5 inches (about 9 cm), he was able to load the data of 1.5 terabytes, or 314 000 times more storage capacity than the IBM 350. Although only able to store 5 megabytes of data, but the capacity for it is a phenomenal leap in his time. IBM 350 disk disc made Johnson, is capable of rotating about 1200 revolutions per second (RPM). He has two heads (data reader devices) to read and write data (read / write) in seconds or milliseconds. Finally, in 1956, IBM 350 was introduced as the first commercial hard disk in the world.

Johnson had little memory of the days that determine when working at IBM. According to him, when it was, he took two of the most appropriate decisions in his life. First, the decision to go into research in the field of random-access storage. The second, when he decided to concentrate on research on media data storage discs. "Later, I learned that some people in this country (United States) also developed a similar study with the concept that I have. However, they do research on a variety of other media, such as wire, ribbon, etc.," said Johnson.
10 Facts about Reynold B Johnson
IBM had initially rejected the concept of the work of the grading machine test pieces of Johnson. But later on, the company saw the business potential of the machine and recruited him as an employee.


Johnson's creation engine is recognized by the U.S. government is assisting them in putting a lot of people in various positions right.
Johnson is one of the most prolific inventors at IBM. He also contributed in the areas of reading data from plong card (punch card).

Johnson has no less than 90 findings that had he patented during his career. That is, during his lifetime, the average Johnson made a new discovery in one year.
In 1971, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) bestowed the award Johnson Machine Design Award.


In 1992, the worldwide professional organization of electrical engineers, IEEE, perpetuating the name of Johnson at a special award category for the development of data storage technology (Reynold B Johnson Award).


Small lab on the outskirts of San Jose Johnson, now swelled into a giant installation area of ​​144 hectares, with more than six thousand people dwell in it. San Jose has also been turned into the center of the development of hard discs.


The technology developed micronograph Johnson, used by the company's Fisher Price toys on the toy "Talk to Me Books", in which the children can use a pointing device image or word, to listen to the story. Later, this tool was awarded "Toy of the Year".
In 1998 Johnson died of melanoma (skin cancer).


In the end, Johnson was still full of ideas and innovation. When she died she was still working on the codification project of Chinese characters that have not been completed.

Johnson's success was solely due to the foresight vision. According to Jack Kuehler - the person who picked Johnson to employees and later became president of IBM - to testify about Johnson possessed a warm attitude. "Johnson is a person who is always looking for new ideas. While at his side, you will feel that he is a father figure, who would be a tutor and was always willing to help. You will find that it works better, and will challenge you to reach concept and creativity than ever before, "said Jack. Personal about his father, one of Johnson's son, Philip, commented that Johnson was the father of a gentle, kind, and do not like to show off. "Of the many discoveries that he accomplished, he never tried to show him," said Philip. Johnson retired from IBM in 1971, and founded a consulting firm Education Engineering Associates, located in Palo Alto. In his company, Johnson had developed the technology micronograph which allows one to listen to audio recordings through a text or pictures in a book.

Johnson, in collaboration with Sony developing video storage technology that can contain data of two-fold greater than normal video tape at the time. The discovery was later also became the forerunner of technological Video Camera Recorder. On a variety of services, in 1986, Johnson received many awards. Awards including the National Medal of Science from the United States President Ronald Reagan. Tuesday, September 15, 1998, Johnson died at the age of 92 years. He leaves a wife named Beatrice, and two sons, Philip and David. Also left a legacy that allows you to store data, Hard Disk Drive.

William Bowman-The surgeon of English

British Surgeon William Bowman
Sir William Bowman, First Baronet (July 20, 1816 - March 29, 1892) was a surgeon, an expert histology, and British anatomists. He is famous for his research on the many uses of the microscope in mempelejari human organs. Born in Nantwich, Cheshire, the third son of a banker and amateur geologist and botanist, Bowman was educated at Hazelwood School near Birmingham in 1826. An accident in his childhood made ​​him interested in medicine. He has served an internship with a surgeon Joseph Hodgson at Birmingham General Hospital in 1832. His first work of a well-known is the research on the structure of skeletal muscle.

At the age of 25 years, he has been identified on the nephron structure known as the Reference Biography: Bowman's capsule. He presented his findings in a paper entitled "On the Structure and Use of the Malpighian Bodies of the Kidney" ("Structure and Function in Kidney Malpighian Agency") and managed to get a royal medal. Collaboration with Robert Bentley Todd, a professor of physiology, resulting in a five-volume publication "Physiological Anatomy and Physiology of Man" (1843-1856) ("Anatomy and Physiology Human physiology") and "Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology" (1852) ("Encyclopedia of Anatomy and Physiology").



In 1884, Queen Victoria appointed him a baronet. He died at his home, Joldwynds, near Dorking, Surrey in 1892. Several anatomical structures named after him: * Bowman glands - on the olfactory mucosa * Bowman's membrane - the membrane limitans anterior cornea. - Bowman's membrane or the anterior elastic lamina is a smooth layer of the eye. Located between the epithelium and stroma in the cornea. This layer is composed of strong collagen fibers and helps the cornea maintain its shape. Bowman's layer is absent in cats, dogs and other carnivores.

Frederick Grant Banting,Discoverer of Insulin - Diabetes

Frederick Grant Banting

Discoverer of Insulin - Diabetes
Frederick Grant Banting was the first doctor who discovered insulin in the world. He was born November 14, 1891 in Allison, Ontario Canada. He was the youngest of five brothers partner William Thompson Banting and Margaret Grant. Continue their education after high school at the University of Toronto majoring in Theology and moved into medical school. In 1916 Frederick received his MB and worked as a physician in the Canadian Army corps. After World War I ended he majored in school again while working at an orthopedic hospital. He also works part-time to be faculty orthopedics at the University of Western Ontario Canada.


Since 1921, Frederick became a lecturer for a year of pharmacology University of Toronto and received his MD and a medal for his services. Insulin is a hormone that converts blood sugar / glucose into muscle glucose / glycogen produced in the pancreas. Deficiency of this hormone can cause diabetes. Dr. Frederick with his assistant Charles Best started his experiments in the discovery of insulin and the results are quite encouraging. Assisted Macleod and chemist James Collip through insulin extraction technique was able to produce insulin which extracts useful as it is now, then produce it on a large scale through tissue culture with the help of micro-organisms. Previously, however, Banting had become deeply interested in diabetes.


Work of Naunyn, Minkowski, Opie, Schafer, and others have shown that diabetes is caused by a deficiency of protein hormone secreted by the islands of Langerhans in the pancreas. Schafer has been given the hormone insulin's name, and he suspected that insulin controls the metabolism of sugar, resulting in a deficiency in the accumulation of sugar in the blood and excretion of excess sugar in the urine. Efforts to supply food missing insulin by the pancreas of patients with fresh, or extracts from it, has failed, perhaps because the protein insulin in these had been destroyed by proteolytic enzymes from the pancreas. The problem, therefore, is how to extract insulin from the pancreas before it's been so destroyed.



While he was considering this problem, Banting read in a medical journal article by Moses Baron, which shows that, when the pancreatic duct was closed by ligatures experiments, the cells of the pancreas which secrete trypsin degenerate, but the Reference Biography: that the islands of Langerhans remain intact. It is suggested to Banting the idea that ligation of the pancreatic duct would, by destroying the cells which secrete trypsin, avoid the destruction of the insulin, so that, after sufficient time has been allowed for degeneration of the trypsin-secreting cells, insulin may be extracted from the islands Langerhans intact. Determined to investigate this possibility, Banting discussed with various people, among whom was JJR Macleod, Professor of Physiology at the University of Toronto, and Macleod gave him facilities for experimental work.



Dr. Charles Best, then a medical student, Banting was appointed as an assistant, and together, Banting and Best began the work that led to the discovery of insulin. In 1922 Banting was appointed senior demonstrator in Medicine at the University of Toronto, and in 1923 he was elected Chairman of the Banting and Best Medical Research, which has been awarded by the Ontario Provincial Legislature. He was also appointed Honorary Consulting Physician to Toronto General Hospital, Hospital for Sick Children and Toronto Western Hospital. In the Banting and Best Institute, Banting dealt with the problems of silicosis, cancer, the mechanism of drowning and how to overcome it. During World War II he became very interested in the problems associated with flying (such as blackout). Besides his medical degree, Banting also obtained, in 1923, LL.D. degree degree (Queens) and D. Sc degree (Toronto). Before the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1923, he received along with Macleod, he received the Reeve of the University of Toronto (1922). In 1923, the Canadian Parliament granted him life annuity of $ 7,500. Banting in 1928 gave Cameron Lecture in Edinburgh. He was appointed as a member of numerous medical academies and societies in the country and abroad, including Britain and the American Physiological Society, and American Society of Pharmacology. He was awarded a knighthood in 1934. In 1923 Frederick Banting and Macleod received the Nobel Prize in medicine and in 1924 King George V Canada provide a degree knight (knight) to him. He married Marion Robertson, but then divorced and remarried to Henrietta Ball in 1937. When World War II Frederick Banting joined the corps of the Canadian Air Force and was involved in various projects of making biological weapons, including anthrax bacteria production on a large scale. In 1941, exactly on February 21 Frederick Banting died in a plane crash when he was on a flight in New Founland.

Ibn al-Nafis-Inventor of the Circulatory System Respiratory

Inventor of the Circulatory System Respiratory
Ibn al-Nafis, a physician and surgeon. His full name is' Ala'uddin Abu al-Hasan Ibn Abi al-al-Qurasyi Hazam, an Arab descendant of the Quraish. Born in Damascus airport on the 1210M. He has produced a surgical technique and care after surgery. In his study, he found the blood circulation between the heart to the lungs. This study the theory of error correcting Galen Greece. Ibn al-Nafis much to contribute to development in the field of medicine.


Studied with a busy medical experts, including al-Shaykh Abu al-Hajjaj Radhiuddin Yusuf Ibn al-Rahibi Hidrah. He moved to Kaherah with Maufiquddin Abu al-Abbas Ahmad Ibn al-Qasim Ibn Abi Usaibaah or working in the Hospital and al-Nasiri. He becomes the hospital when his partner was an expert eye treatment. She also explore the science of language, jurisprudence, philosophy and science of kalam. There are those who identify him with the Ibn Sina, but he is more expert in the surgery. Interested in cardiac surgery and kerongkong kerana believe there is a link between breathing and heart beating. Means he is to use animals as a way to study the structure of the human body. Has generated a lot of writing but most of them have been lost. He was in Damascus apda 1288 die from M.


Reference Biography: Ala-al-din abu Al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi Ibn al-Nafis or Dimashqi (1210-1288) was the first person to accurately describe the circulation of blood in the human body (in 1242). Contemporary depiction of this process have survived. In particular, he was the first person known to have documented pulmonary circuit. Massive work was recorded until it was in Berlin in 1924.



Circulatory system or cardiovascular system is an organ system which functions to move substances to and from the cell. These systems also help stabilize body temperature and pH (part of homeostasis). There are two types of circulatory systems: the circulatory system of open and closed circulatory systems. circulatory system, which is also part of the network performance of the heart and blood vessels (cardiovascular system) is formed.

This system ensures the survival of the organism, is supported by the metabolism of every cell in the body and maintain the chemical and physiological properties of body fluids. First, the blood transports oxygen from the lungs to the cells and carbon dioxide in the opposite direction (see respiration). Secondly, the nutrients are transported from the digestive tract such as fats, sugars and protein from the digestive tract within their respective networks to consume, according to their needs, processed or stored. The resulting metabolites or waste products (such as urea or uric acid) which is then transported to other tissues or organs of excretion (kidney and colon). Also distributes the blood such as hormones, immune cells and parts of the body's clotting system.

Edward Jenner, Inventor of Diseases Smallpox Vaccine

Edward Jenner,

Edward Jenner, inventor of Diseases Smallpox Vaccine
Edward Jenner was born in 1749, in the small town of Berkeley in Cloucestershire, England. As a boy of twelve years he was an apprentice to be a surgeon. Later he studied anatomy and working in the hospital. In 1792 he obtained a doctor degree from the University of St. Andrew. In his mid-forties he was a physician and surgeon weighs in Goncestershire.

English physician Edward Jenner is the man who developed and popularized the technique of vaccination to prevent smallpox. Smallpox has been wiped from the face of the earth so that people rarely imagine how scary the disease in the past century. Smallpox spreads so easily that a large part of Europe this illness in their lifetime. Not only terrible but also to kill, so that between 10-20 percent of this disease kehinggapan drifted into the afterlife. And good luck to those who survive, face screwed-balaulah face, hollow-hollow like a grater, long-life. Chickenpox is not just confined to Europe, of course, but it swept across North America, India, China and almost all parts of the world. Everywhere, young child which is often a victim of this disease.


Years of effort has been taken of how to find a reliable way of preventing smallpox. Anyway long been known, whoever is able to survive the attack of smallpox, even after it's become resistant and no longer going to suffer the disease a second time. In the East, this observation has been incarnated in the practice of injecting serum into the body of healthy people with something that is taken from the patient's body mild smallpox, and after recovering he would be immune. This practice was introduced in England in the early 18th century by Lady Mary Montagu Wotley, and has been known for years before Jenner. And Jenner himself was already shot like that when he was nine years old.


But, how to prevent this patch-up could bring bad effect; a number of people who got smallpox was injected instead of real chicken that even lightly damaged skin-face leburlah. In fact about two percent of the time after the injection, immediately suffered a fatal pox! Clearly, a more perfect would be required. Jenner was used with the belief that people who kehinggapan disease "cowpox" a kind of mild illness that cattle can be transmitted to humans, will never hit by smallpox. ("Cowpox" itself is not dangerous, although the symptoms are similar to ordinary smallpox). Jenner realized, when the confidence of farmers it contains the truth, then inject "cowpox" into the human body is a safe way to make them immune to smallpox.


He studied this issue carefully, and by the year 1796 he strongly believes that the belief that farmers do not miss it. Then Reference Biography: Jenner decided to try it in person. In the month of May 1796 Jenner injected James Phipps, an eight-year-old boy with something that is taken from the spot disease "cowpox" in the hands of a dairy farmer. As was expected, the little boy kehinggapan "cowpox" but soon recovered. A few weeks later, Jenner injected smallpox serum Phipps. And as expected the boy would not look for signs of disease. After doing more in-depth investigation, Jenner introduced the results of his efforts through a thin book entitled An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae, issued privately in 1798. Book so that's what causes the receipt of vaccination in general and widespread.


After that Jenner write five more articles on the subject of vaccination, and for years he devoted his time disseminating knowledge about the technique and hard work in order to receive one. The practice of vaccination in the UK is growing fast, then be required in the Army and Royal Navy. And also coincided with that accepted by most countries in the world. Jenner freely offered his technique to the world and made no effort to gain the slightest advantage of money from it. However, in the year 1802 the British parliament as a sign of gratitude and appreciation presented him the sum of 20 000 pounds. Jenner then became tennasyhur person in the universe, is flooded with different kinds of honor and medal. Jenner married and has three children. He lived until the age of 73 years, died at the beginning taliun 1823 at his home in the city of Berkeley.



As we have seen, Jenner created his own idea that the disease "cowpox" can provide immunity against smallpox; he heard it from someone else problem. And there is also evidence suggesting that there is to vaccinate "cowpox" before Jenner did. Despite Jenner was not a great original scientists, not many people who have done something so great benefit to humanity. Through the investigation, investigations, experiments, and his writings, his pipe and divert ordinary people's trust that was not taken seriously by the medical world, a standard practice that has saved millions of lives. Although Jenner technique can only be used to prevent one disease, but the disease is truly a disease that has the weight of the danger. Thanks to the work that he received praise and respect, both in his time and by later generations Vaccine Inventors