Jabir ibn Hayyan was a chemist, pharmacy, physics, filosoft, and astronomer who lived during the 7th century. He has been able to change the perception of natural events which at the time was regarded as something that can not be predicted a science that can be understood and studied by humans. Discoveries in chemistry is also the basis for the development of modern chemistry and chemical refinement at this time.
Jabir is the scientist who discovered hydrochloric acid, nitric asm, acetic acid, distillation techniques, and crystallization techniques. He also finds a solution of aqua regia, the incorporation of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid to dissolve the gold.
Jabir able to apply their ability in the field of chemicals into the process of making iron and other metals, as well as rust prevention. He also applies the use of manganese dioxide in glass making. In fact, he was the first who noted that the warming of wine will lead to a flammable gas. It is then clear the way for Al-Razi to find ethanol.
If we know the non-metal and metal in the classification of compounds, then look at what was first done Jabir. He proposed the following three groups of compounds:
1.Spirit, which evaporates when heated, such as campor arsenic, and ammonium chloride. 2.Metal, such as gold, silver, lead, copper and iron. 3.Stones which can be converted into powder form.
In medieval times, research on the chemistry Jabir is translated into latin dab into a standard textbook for the chemists in Europe. Some of them are al-Kimya assembly line are translated in 1144 and Al-Sab'een the terjemahanya edition published in 1187.
Jabir also some writings by Marcelin Berthelot translated into several books, the Book of the kingdom, Book of the Balances, and Book of Eastern Mercury. Some technical terms are found and used by Jabir also has become part of the international scientific vocabulary, for example, the term "alkali", etc
Reynold B. Johnson Biography Reynold B. Johnson was born in the state of Minnesota, USA, 1906. He is the inventor of the disk and is called the "father of the disk drive". Indeed, childhood and adolescence Reynold away from the computer business. There, he also ate the school bench. Lecture at the University of Minnesota, he majored in education administration. Having completed his bachelor's degree in 1929, Johnson taught at a secondary school in Ironwood, Michigan. There to be a teacher of natural science and mathematics. His strength, Mr. Johnson teachers find ways to make math make his equations mumet students, can be more easily understood.
Ever also at one time, two students caught stealing a radio school. Both were convicted. During the period of their sentence was mentored Johnson. The teacher changed the sentence into something useful. Reynold every day to make a tool to guide both experiments. Until the end of their sentences, these two students have created a tool to examine the test sheet that uses a system of multiple-choice multiple choice alias. Although shrewd educate students, educational career Johnson failed miserably in the middle of the road. Four years teaching at the school, the teacher was fired instead. This event is not only a life-changing teacher Johnson, but also changed the history of data storage systems. Johnson use their spare time to finalize the grading machine had multiple choice exam. The results are staying to the few number of companies, including IBM. Finally, only a year of unemployment, in 1934, Johnson was appointed to be an engineer at IBM.
He was placed in a laboratory at Columbia University and IBM Endicott, New York. His job was just one: developing a grading machine sheet multiple choice exam. This machine is capable of reading pencil on the answer sheet, and then automatically calculate and disclose the final results of visual assessment. The idea of making this machine does not come just like that. Since the boy, Johnson knew about the electrical properties of the pencil number 2 (a kind of pencil 2B), which is often used by students for the exam. Johnson runny, like the engine idle T Ford owned by his sister, by rubbing with a pencil-rubbing was the spark plug. From there, Johnson began to realize the magnetic content of the pencil, which can then be detected by the grading machine test sheet creation. Machine called the IBM 805, and then to thousands of units produced in 1937. At least, until the decade of the 1970s, the IBM 805 is still widely used.
The next episode of Johnson's career, began when IBM officials recognize the need for data storage systems will increase rapidly. That is why, in 1952, the company that sent Johnson to San Jose, California to form a team that was given the mammoth task. Looking for a data storage system is fast and reliable. In his new place, Johnson continued his research begun by IBM's research team at Columbia. One is the storage engine Random Access Memory (RAM). The system allows users to access and find data more quickly. At the time, typically the data stored on the card plong or magnetic tape (magnetic tape). This method is very meticulous. It takes many minutes to find the desired data. Initially, Johnson who had 15 of his staff, focusing on the development of storage systems alias rotating cylindrical drum. At that time, this model of the storage media are being widely developed.
Later, the team is more interested in the disc-shaped storage discs developed by Jacob Rabinow of the National Bureau Standard. The reason is simple. In his mind, disc storage is more easily developed, more reliable, and economical cost. That's why all personnel deployed to the project. The results are remarkable. At the end of 1955, they successfully make a hard disk storage that is named the IBM 350. Hard disk is part of a computer system called the RAMAC 305 (distinguishing the penyimpannya system, called the IBM 305). RAMAC itself is short for Random Access Method of Accounting Control, a system that is able to provide fast data access for users in that period. Unlike hard disks that were found on the market today, IBM 350 was much more bongsor. The magnitude of the equivalent of two refrigerators in a row. Its weight was unsparing, one ton. That's because, he composed 50 pieces 24-inch diagonal disks (about 60 cm), which piled. Storage capacity? About 5 megabytes of data.
When used to store the MP3 music file format, IBM 350 can only load one file songs, more or less, a duration of 5 minutes. Compare this to the hard disk of the latest
Seagate, the newly launched mid this year. With a size of 3.5 inches (about 9 cm), he was able to load the data of 1.5 terabytes, or 314 000 times more storage capacity than the IBM 350. Although only able to store 5 megabytes of data, but the capacity for it is a phenomenal leap in his time. IBM 350 disk disc made Johnson, is capable of rotating about 1200 revolutions per second (RPM). He has two heads (data reader devices) to read and write data (read / write) in seconds or milliseconds. Finally, in 1956, IBM 350 was introduced as the first commercial hard disk in the world.
Johnson had little memory of the days that determine when working at IBM. According to him, when it was, he took two of the most appropriate decisions in his life. First, the decision to go into research in the field of random-access storage. The second, when he decided to concentrate on research on media data storage discs. "Later, I learned that some people in this country (United States) also developed a similar study with the concept that I have. However, they do research on a variety of other media, such as wire, ribbon, etc.," said Johnson. 10 Facts about Reynold B Johnson IBM had initially rejected the concept of the work of the grading machine test pieces of Johnson. But later on, the company saw the business potential of the machine and recruited him as an employee.
Johnson's creation engine is recognized by the U.S. government is assisting them in putting a lot of people in various positions right. Johnson is one of the most prolific inventors at IBM. He also contributed in the areas of reading data from plong card (punch card).
Johnson has no less than 90 findings that had he patented during his career. That is, during his lifetime, the average Johnson made a new discovery in one year. In 1971, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) bestowed the award Johnson Machine Design Award.
In 1992, the worldwide professional organization of electrical engineers, IEEE, perpetuating the name of Johnson at a special award category for the development of data storage technology (Reynold B Johnson Award).
Small lab on the outskirts of San Jose Johnson, now swelled into a giant installation area of 144 hectares, with more than six thousand people dwell in it. San Jose has also been turned into the center of the development of hard discs.
The technology developed micronograph Johnson, used by the company's Fisher Price toys on the toy "Talk to Me Books", in which the children can use a pointing device image or word, to listen to the story. Later, this tool was awarded "Toy of the Year". In 1998 Johnson died of melanoma (skin cancer).
In the end, Johnson was still full of ideas and innovation. When she died she was still working on the codification project of Chinese characters that have not been completed.
Johnson's success was solely due to the foresight vision. According to Jack Kuehler - the person who picked Johnson to employees and later became president of IBM - to testify about Johnson possessed a warm attitude. "Johnson is a person who is always looking for new ideas. While at his side, you will feel that he is a father figure, who would be a tutor and was always willing to help. You will find that it works better, and will challenge you to reach concept and creativity than ever before, "said Jack. Personal about his father, one of Johnson's son, Philip, commented that Johnson was the father of a gentle, kind, and do not like to show off. "Of the many discoveries that he accomplished, he never tried to show him," said Philip. Johnson retired from IBM in 1971, and founded a consulting firm Education Engineering Associates, located in Palo Alto. In his company, Johnson had developed the technology micronograph which allows one to listen to audio recordings through a text or pictures in a book.
Johnson, in collaboration with Sony developing video storage technology that can contain data of two-fold greater than normal video tape at the time. The discovery was later also became the forerunner of technological Video Camera Recorder. On a variety of services, in 1986, Johnson received many awards. Awards including the National Medal of Science from the United States President Ronald Reagan. Tuesday, September 15, 1998, Johnson died at the age of 92 years. He leaves a wife named Beatrice, and two sons, Philip and David. Also left a legacy that allows you to store data, Hard Disk Drive.
Discoverer of Insulin - Diabetes Frederick Grant Banting was the first doctor who discovered insulin in the world. He was born November 14, 1891 in Allison, Ontario Canada. He was the youngest of five brothers partner William Thompson Banting and Margaret Grant. Continue their education after high school at the University of Toronto majoring in Theology and moved into medical school. In 1916 Frederick received his MB and worked as a physician in the Canadian Army corps. After World War I ended he majored in school again while working at an orthopedic hospital. He also works part-time to be faculty orthopedics at the University of Western Ontario Canada.
Since 1921, Frederick became a lecturer for a year of pharmacology University of Toronto and received his MD and a medal for his services. Insulin is a hormone that converts blood sugar / glucose into muscle glucose / glycogen produced in the pancreas. Deficiency of this hormone can cause diabetes. Dr. Frederick with his assistant Charles Best started his experiments in the discovery of insulin and the results are quite encouraging. Assisted Macleod and chemist James Collip through insulin extraction technique was able to produce insulin which extracts useful as it is now, then produce it on a large scale through tissue culture with the help of micro-organisms. Previously, however, Banting had become deeply interested in diabetes.
Work of Naunyn, Minkowski, Opie, Schafer, and others have shown that diabetes is caused by a deficiency of protein hormone secreted by the islands of Langerhans in the pancreas. Schafer has been given the hormone insulin's name, and he suspected that insulin controls the metabolism of sugar, resulting in a deficiency in the accumulation of sugar in the blood and excretion of excess sugar in the urine. Efforts to supply food missing insulin by the pancreas of patients with fresh, or extracts from it, has failed, perhaps because the protein insulin in these had been destroyed by proteolytic enzymes from the pancreas. The problem, therefore, is how to extract insulin from the pancreas before it's been so destroyed.
While he was considering this problem, Banting read in a medical journal article by Moses Baron, which shows that, when the pancreatic duct was closed by ligatures experiments, the cells of the pancreas which secrete trypsin degenerate, but the Reference Biography: that the islands of Langerhans remain intact. It is suggested to Banting the idea that ligation of the pancreatic duct would, by destroying the cells which secrete trypsin, avoid the destruction of the insulin, so that, after sufficient time has been allowed for degeneration of the trypsin-secreting cells, insulin may be extracted from the islands Langerhans intact. Determined to investigate this possibility, Banting discussed with various people, among whom was JJR Macleod, Professor of Physiology at the University of Toronto, and Macleod gave him facilities for experimental work.
Dr. Charles Best, then a medical student, Banting was appointed as an assistant, and together, Banting and Best began the work that led to the discovery of insulin. In 1922 Banting was appointed senior demonstrator in Medicine at the University of Toronto, and in 1923 he was elected Chairman of the Banting and Best Medical Research, which has been awarded by the Ontario Provincial Legislature. He was also appointed Honorary Consulting Physician to Toronto General Hospital, Hospital for Sick Children and Toronto Western Hospital. In the Banting and Best Institute, Banting dealt with the problems of silicosis, cancer, the mechanism of drowning and how to overcome it. During World War II he became very interested in the problems associated with flying (such as blackout). Besides his medical degree, Banting also obtained, in 1923, LL.D. degree degree (Queens) and D. Sc degree (Toronto). Before the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1923, he received along with Macleod, he received the Reeve of the University of Toronto (1922). In 1923, the Canadian Parliament granted him life annuity of $ 7,500. Banting in 1928 gave Cameron Lecture in Edinburgh. He was appointed as a member of numerous medical academies and societies in the country and abroad, including Britain and the American Physiological Society, and American Society of Pharmacology. He was awarded a knighthood in 1934. In 1923 Frederick Banting and Macleod received the Nobel Prize in medicine and in 1924 King George V Canada provide a degree knight (knight) to him. He married Marion Robertson, but then divorced and remarried to Henrietta Ball in 1937. When World War II Frederick Banting joined the corps of the Canadian Air Force and was involved in various projects of making biological weapons, including anthrax bacteria production on a large scale. In 1941, exactly on February 21 Frederick Banting died in a plane crash when he was on a flight in New Founland.
Inventor of the Circulatory System Respiratory Ibn al-Nafis, a physician and surgeon. His full name is' Ala'uddin Abu al-Hasan Ibn Abi al-al-Qurasyi Hazam, an Arab descendant of the Quraish. Born in Damascus airport on the 1210M. He has produced a surgical technique and care after surgery. In his study, he found the blood circulation between the heart to the lungs. This study the theory of error correcting Galen Greece. Ibn al-Nafis much to contribute to development in the field of medicine.
Studied with a busy medical experts, including al-Shaykh Abu al-Hajjaj Radhiuddin Yusuf Ibn al-Rahibi Hidrah. He moved to Kaherah with Maufiquddin Abu al-Abbas Ahmad Ibn al-Qasim Ibn Abi Usaibaah or working in the Hospital and al-Nasiri. He becomes the hospital when his partner was an expert eye treatment. She also explore the science of language, jurisprudence, philosophy and science of kalam. There are those who identify him with the Ibn Sina, but he is more expert in the surgery. Interested in cardiac surgery and kerongkong kerana believe there is a link between breathing and heart beating. Means he is to use animals as a way to study the structure of the human body. Has generated a lot of writing but most of them have been lost. He was in Damascus apda 1288 die from M.
Reference Biography: Ala-al-din abu Al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi Ibn al-Nafis or Dimashqi (1210-1288) was the first person to accurately describe the circulation of blood in the human body (in 1242). Contemporary depiction of this process have survived. In particular, he was the first person known to have documented pulmonary circuit. Massive work was recorded until it was in Berlin in 1924.
Circulatory system or cardiovascular system is an organ system which functions to move substances to and from the cell. These systems also help stabilize body temperature and pH (part of homeostasis). There are two types of circulatory systems: the circulatory system of open and closed circulatory systems. circulatory system, which is also part of the network performance of the heart and blood vessels (cardiovascular system) is formed.
This system ensures the survival of the organism, is supported by the metabolism of every cell in the body and maintain the chemical and physiological properties of body fluids. First, the blood transports oxygen from the lungs to the cells and carbon dioxide in the opposite direction (see respiration). Secondly, the nutrients are transported from the digestive tract such as fats, sugars and protein from the digestive tract within their respective networks to consume, according to their needs, processed or stored. The resulting metabolites or waste products (such as urea or uric acid) which is then transported to other tissues or organs of excretion (kidney and colon). Also distributes the blood such as hormones, immune cells and parts of the body's clotting system.
Edward Jenner, inventor of Diseases Smallpox Vaccine Edward Jenner was born in 1749, in the small town of Berkeley in Cloucestershire, England. As a boy of twelve years he was an apprentice to be a surgeon. Later he studied anatomy and working in the hospital. In 1792 he obtained a doctor degree from the University of St. Andrew. In his mid-forties he was a physician and surgeon weighs in Goncestershire.
English physician Edward Jenner is the man who developed and popularized the technique of vaccination to prevent smallpox. Smallpox has been wiped from the face of the earth so that people rarely imagine how scary the disease in the past century. Smallpox spreads so easily that a large part of Europe this illness in their lifetime. Not only terrible but also to kill, so that between 10-20 percent of this disease kehinggapan drifted into the afterlife. And good luck to those who survive, face screwed-balaulah face, hollow-hollow like a grater, long-life. Chickenpox is not just confined to Europe, of course, but it swept across North America, India, China and almost all parts of the world. Everywhere, young child which is often a victim of this disease.
Years of effort has been taken of how to find a reliable way of preventing smallpox. Anyway long been known, whoever is able to survive the attack of smallpox, even after it's become resistant and no longer going to suffer the disease a second time. In the East, this observation has been incarnated in the practice of injecting serum into the body of healthy people with something that is taken from the patient's body mild smallpox, and after recovering he would be immune. This practice was introduced in England in the early 18th century by Lady Mary Montagu Wotley, and has been known for years before Jenner. And Jenner himself was already shot like that when he was nine years old.
But, how to prevent this patch-up could bring bad effect; a number of people who got smallpox was injected instead of real chicken that even lightly damaged skin-face leburlah. In fact about two percent of the time after the injection, immediately suffered a fatal pox! Clearly, a more perfect would be required. Jenner was used with the belief that people who kehinggapan disease "cowpox" a kind of mild illness that cattle can be transmitted to humans, will never hit by smallpox. ("Cowpox" itself is not dangerous, although the symptoms are similar to ordinary smallpox). Jenner realized, when the confidence of farmers it contains the truth, then inject "cowpox" into the human body is a safe way to make them immune to smallpox.
He studied this issue carefully, and by the year 1796 he strongly believes that the belief that farmers do not miss it. Then Reference Biography: Jenner decided to try it in person. In the month of May 1796 Jenner injected James Phipps, an eight-year-old boy with something that is taken from the spot disease "cowpox" in the hands of a dairy farmer. As was expected, the little boy kehinggapan "cowpox" but soon recovered. A few weeks later, Jenner injected smallpox serum Phipps. And as expected the boy would not look for signs of disease. After doing more in-depth investigation, Jenner introduced the results of his efforts through a thin book entitled An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae, issued privately in 1798. Book so that's what causes the receipt of vaccination in general and widespread.
After that Jenner write five more articles on the subject of vaccination, and for years he devoted his time disseminating knowledge about the technique and hard work in order to receive one. The practice of vaccination in the UK is growing fast, then be required in the Army and Royal Navy. And also coincided with that accepted by most countries in the world. Jenner freely offered his technique to the world and made no effort to gain the slightest advantage of money from it. However, in the year 1802 the British parliament as a sign of gratitude and appreciation presented him the sum of 20 000 pounds. Jenner then became tennasyhur person in the universe, is flooded with different kinds of honor and medal. Jenner married and has three children. He lived until the age of 73 years, died at the beginning taliun 1823 at his home in the city of Berkeley.
As we have seen, Jenner created his own idea that the disease "cowpox" can provide immunity against smallpox; he heard it from someone else problem. And there is also evidence suggesting that there is to vaccinate "cowpox" before Jenner did. Despite Jenner was not a great original scientists, not many people who have done something so great benefit to humanity. Through the investigation, investigations, experiments, and his writings, his pipe and divert ordinary people's trust that was not taken seriously by the medical world, a standard practice that has saved millions of lives. Although Jenner technique can only be used to prevent one disease, but the disease is truly a disease that has the weight of the danger. Thanks to the work that he received praise and respect, both in his time and by later generations Vaccine Inventors
Karl Landsteiner (born June 14, 1868 - died June 26, 1943 at age 75 years) was a Jewish Austrian scientists. He is the man who discovered that human blood is divided into 4 groups that are now known as blood group O, A, B, and AB. With these findings, one can mentransfusi blood safely and not recklessly to menstrafusi blood. Classification of blood groups of the identification of the presence of agglutinins in the blood and has been identified, by Alexander S. Wiener, Rhesus factor, in 1937, allowing doctors to blood transfusion without endangering the lives of patients. With Erwin Popper, he discovered the polio virus, in 1909. In 1930 he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He was awarded the Lasker Award posthumously in 1946. Father of Leopold Landsteiner (1818-1875), a renowned Viennese journalist, dies at age 56, when Karl was six. This led to the close relationship between Landsteiner and his mother Fanny (née Hess), (1837-1908).
Karl and his mother converted to Catholicism when he was twenty-one. He continues to mask the death of her entire life in his bedroom. After graduating with a Matura examination of a Viennese high school she studied medicine at the University of Vienna and wrote his doctoral thesis in 1891. While still a student he published an essay on the influence of diet on blood composition. From 1891-1893 Landsteiner studied chemistry in Würzburg under Hermann Emil Fischer, Munich and Zürich under Eugen Hamburger under Arthur Rudolf cart. A number of publications of that period, some of them in collaboration with professors, shows that he did not confine himself to hear the lectures. After returning to Vienna, he became assistant to Max von Gruber in the Hygiene Institute. In his research, he concentrates on the nature of antibodies and immune mechanisms.
From November 1897-1908 Landsteiner was an assistant in anatomy-pathological institute of the University of Vienna under Anton Weichsem, where he published 75 papers, dealing with issues in serology, bacteriology, virology and pathologic anatomy. Besides, he did some 3600 autopsies in ten years. Weicaum Landsteiner was a teacher for a postdoctoral lecture qualification in 1903. From 1908-1920 was prosector at Wilhelminenspital Landsteiner in Vienna and in 1911 he was sworn in as a professor of pathological anatomy. During that time he found - in collaboration with Erwin Popper -. Isolated infectious character of Poliomyelitis and polio virus. In recognition of innovative discoveries, which proved to be the basis for the fight against polio, he was posthumously inducted into the Polio Hall of Fame in Warm Springs, Georgia is dedicated in January 1958. In 1900 Karl Landsteiner discovered that blood from two people under the agglutinates contact, and in 1901 he found that this effect is due to contact of blood with the blood serum.
As a result, he succeeded in Reference Biography: identify three blood groups A, B and O, are labeled C, from human blood. Landsteiner also discovered that the blood transfusion among people with the same blood type did not result in destruction of blood cells, whereas it occurs between people of different blood groups. Based on these findings, in 1907 the first successful blood transfusion was performed by Reuben Ottenberg at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York. This day is also known that people with blood type AB can receive blood donations from other groups, and that people with blood type O can donate to all other groups. Individuals with blood type AB is called the universal recipient and the people with blood type O is known as the universal donor. This donor-recipient relationship arises because the fact that people with AB did not form antibodies against one of the blood group A or B. Furthermore, because of blood type O has no characteristic or B, the immune system of people with blood type AB did not reject the donation. In the current blood transfusion of red blood cell concentrate only without serum sent, which is very important in surgical practice. In 1930 Landsteiner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in recognition of this achievement. After World War I, Vienna and Austria of the new republic as a whole is in a remote state of the economy, a situation in which Landsteiner not look likely to continue the research work. He decided to move to the Netherlands and accepting a post as prosector at Ziekenhuis small Catholic hospital in The Hague and, in order to improve his financial situation also took a job at a small factory, producing old tuberculin (tuberculinum prestinum). He also published several papers, five of them published in the Royal Dutch Academy of Sciences. But working conditions proved to be no better than the post-war Vienna. So Landsteiner received inivitation that reached him from New York, initiated by Simon Flexner, who is familiar with the work of Landsteiner, to work for the Rockefeller Institute. With his family arrived there in the spring of 1923. Throughout the 1920's Landsteiner worked on the problem of immunity and allergy. In 1927 he discovered a new blood group: M, N and P, refine the work that had begun 20 years earlier. Soon after Landsteiner and his collaborator, Philip Levine, published work and, in 1927, began to be used in setting the type father. In the field of bacteriology Landsteiner and Clara Nigg 1930-1932 succeeded in Rickettsia prowazekii culture, the causative agent of typhoid fever, on the live media
Landsteiner was serving in a war hospital in 1916 when, at age 48, he married Leopoldine Helene Wlasto. Their only child, son, born the following year and was baptized Karl Ernst on April 8, 1917. He became a surgeon in Providence, Rhode Island. In 1929 Landsteiner became a U.S. citizen. Karl Landsteiner died of a heart attack while working in his laboratory at the age of 75. He was buried in Nantucket, Massachusetts, where he and his family have spent many summers.
Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States and members of the Ivy League. The university is one of the world's best universities.
History
The University was founded on 8 September 1636 and is the oldest college in the United States. Originally named New College, and renamed to Harvard College on March 13, 1639 in honor of its largest contributors, John Harvard, a former Cambridge University student. The earliest reference that calls Harvard as a "university" and not "college" occurred in 1780.
Institutions
Harvard University is one of the most prestigious universities in the world and has the largest revenues among universities around the world (U.S. $ 22.6 billion in 2004), almost double the Yale University, its closest competitor).
University ranking U.S. output in 2005 U.S. News puts Harvard University and Princeton University together in the first place. [1] Harvard University also won first place in 2004, after five years in the second and third positions. Times Higher Education Supplement World University Rankings also place at Harvard University in the first place.
Faculty
Harvard University now has 9 faculties, ranked below according to the set: Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences and subfakultasnya, Harvard Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, which together include: Harvard College, who is a graduate of this University (1636) Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (1872) Harvard Division of Continuing Education, including Harvard Extension School and Harvard Summer School Faculty of Medicine, including Harvard Medical School (1782) and Harvard School of Dental Medicine (1867) Harvard Divinity School (1816) Harvard Law School (1817) Harvard Business School (1908) Harvard Graduate School of Design (1914) Harvard Graduate School of Education (1920) Harvard School of Public Health (1922) Kennedy School of Government (1936)
John Harvard Biography
John Harvard (November 26, 1607 - September 14, 1638) was an English clergyman and founder of the world's most prestigious university named Harvard College or Harvard University. He gave half his property, along with the library, to establish a school and run it constantly. In the Harvard bridge named for him, as well as John Harvard Library in Southwark, London. John Harvard was born and raised in Southwark, on the southern bank of the River Thames, opposite the City of London.
He was the fourth of nine children, the son of Robert Harvard (1562-1625), a butcher and proprietor, and his wife, Katherine Rogers (1584-1635), who came from Stratford-upon-Avon father named Thomas Rogers (1540 -1611), is sometimes considered to have a colleague John Shakespeare, father of William Shakespeare (1564-1616). He was baptized in the parish church (now Southwark Cathedral) in 1607. John Harvard was educated at the Grammar School of St. Saviour in Southwark, where his father Robert was a governor. In 1625, his father, half brother and two sisters died of the plague.
Then entered Harvard at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, in December 1627 and received his BA in 1632. Then his mother Katherine died in 1635 and his father Thomas in the spring of 1637. John
later married Ann Sadler (1614-1655), of Ringmer, Sussex, in April 1636, she was the daughter of Reverend John Sadler and sister of John Sadler, a lawyer and also an orientalist. On May 1637 he emigrated with his wife to New England and settled in Charlestown, where many of her classmates had arrived. Charlestown made him a minister of the Church, but in the following year he contracted tuberculosis and died on 14 September 1638. He is buried at the Phipps Street Burying Field in Charlestown.
Most of Harvard property inherited about £ 779 (half of his estate) and the library to New College or a new school, and his friend, Nathaniel Eaton became the first headmaster or rector of this college. Eaton notes indicate that the new campus construction began immediately in 1638 with the help of carpenter Thomas Meakins and his son, Thomas Meakins Jr. of Charlestown. It's really built of wood and has its own apple orchard, and is equipped with a shelter or housing for approximately 30 students.
The new school was later renamed "Harvard College" on March 13, 1639. Harvard was first referred to as a university than a college by the new Massachusetts Constitution of 1780.
A tool widely used for heavy work. Tractor into one revolutionary tool ever made.
IN ancient times and the era, Tripod Catrol widely used for heavy lifting. For example, move rocks weighing a ton. However, in its development, the tractor was made to facilitate the work of man.
At first, the tractor is generally done on the farm. However, over the times, also used as a tractor towing aircraft, military transport vehicles, or carrying heavy loads in large numbers. Tool commonly used in open coal mining and so on.
Tractor is basically a vehicle specifically designed. Function intended for the purposes of making a high traction at low speeds. Also is another common term, unit traktors tractor unit, the semi-trailer trucks.
Then, the person who first created the tractor? His name is Benjamin Holt. He was a U.S. national who was born in Concord, New Hampshire, on January 1, 1849.
Holt is the youngest of four brothers whose family owned a sawmill. He helped the efforts of his parents. However, since the opening of The Stockton Wheel Co.. in California, Holt thought to move there.
Holt was applied in the Stockton Wheel Co.. In 1883, Holt moved to California. There, Holt worked on a farm. He often got into trouble at his new job, the first he had no basic work on the farm.
Holt is a frequent problem into the mud in the fields of employment. In fact, he had drowned. It was quite disturbing work.
Holt can not stand the natural events that often he was persistent. He was thinking of creating a tool that could help her work. Finally, the idea of creating a tractor appeared on 24 November 1904.
Tractors can be used for walking on land. Holt tractor that has a conventional front wheel. Section is used to steer the tractor rate.
Crawler-type section in the rear wheel is very similar to traction engines. It also has a design that varies the steering coupling and can control the speed of each set of wheels.
Holt patented the findings on December 7, 1907. After that, Holt The Holt Manufacturing Company built in the 20th century. Holt died in 1920. To remember him, a street in north Stockton, California Benjamin Holt was named in honor of the inventor of the tractor.
Paul Bracq (born December 13, 1933, Bordeaux, France) is an automotive designer best known for his work in Citroën, Peugeot, and Mercedes-Benz.
Bracq career began in Charbonneaux Philippe design studio, where he served as assistant Charbonneaux 'in 1953 and 1954. During this period, the studio producing the design for the French Presidential Limousine built by Citroën, one-time Pegaso coupe, and other automotive design.
Bracq served compulsory military service from 1954's to 1957. Subsequently he worked for Daimler-Benz, to the design studio in Sindelfingen, a post he would hold it for ten years. Bracq style Mercedes with 600, coupé 230SL/250SL/280SL, the coupé 220S, 250 and 220D, W108 and W114 series coupe, and stablemate owned by W115 - all of the 60's and 70's.
After returning to France in 1967, worked for Brissonau Bracq and Lotz, where he was responsible for the design of high-speed TGV passenger trains. During this time, Bracq also responsible for prototype sports car based on BMW 1600Ti and a coupé based on the Simca 1100.
In 1970, Bracq appointed design director of BMW, where he was responsible for the line-of-the-7-Series. His 1973 "Turbo" concept car won the "Concept Car of the Year" by the Revue Automobile Suisse that year; the car to repeat the feat in 1992 at the Concours d'Elegance Bagatelle. Beginning his work with Peugeot in 1974, including private transport for the pope. Bracq also active as a judge at many automotive concours, including Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance '.
Charles Goodyear was born in New Haven on December 29, 1800. He was a U.S. national who discovered how to vulcanizing rubber in 1839. He later patented his invention in 1844. At first, Charles Goodyear is a former merchant who went bankrupt and was imprisoned due to debt. In 1830 the world is experiencing a fever of rubber and Charles Goodyear was interested in the world to cultivate rubber.
Rubber material is good but the material is a rice pest stink, hardens when cold and too sticky when warm and can not seem to be used for practical purposes. Charles Goodyear founded the company and strive to make the material useful. Previous seven years, he tried to cultivate rubber material with magnesium oxide, copper powder, nitric acid and lime adhesive, but still no results.
In an auspicious day in 1839, he cleaned his hands from the spread of powder, which consists of a mixture of rubber and sulfur. Powder and fell into a furnace on fire. When the rubber melted, it reacts with sulfur material and found that the material was changed to have a character like an elastic skin. This is the first vulcanized rubber or rubber tires created.
Goodyear also managed to find a weather-resistant rubber. Then he was obsessed with making a variety of homemade goods from raw materials and patented
it's his creation. Goodyear patented his invention intentions step was preceded by a British rubber pioneer Thomas Hancock the ironically named method of vulcanizing the rubber digunakanya inspired by the example of weather-resistant Goodyear's creation. He also tried to fight back through legal channels, but ended up losing and then losing his French patent, and not only that, the royalties were canceled.
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company was founded in 1898 by Frank Seiberling which is a rubber tire manufacturers and third largest in the world after Michelin and Bridgestone. Companies headquartered in Ohio, the United States was producing tires for cars, airplanes, and heavy machinery. Although not related, this company's name is taken as a tribute to Charles Goodyear created vulcanized rubber in 1839.
On August 1824, married Clarissa Beecher Goodyear and they were blessed with seven children, one of whom was William Henry Goodyear. Charles Goodyear died in New York on July 1, 1860, leaving debts of $ 200,000. But the sacrifice and hard work finally Goodyear was not in vain, because his family could enjoy it all through the accumulation of royalties temuanya, and a more meaningful again, his name has been inscribed as a world pioneer of the modern rubber industry.
Original name of al-Khawarizmi was Muhammad Ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi. In addition, he identified as Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Ahmad bin Yusoff. Al-Khwarizmi in the West known as al-Khwarizmi, al-Cowarizmi, al-Ahawizmi, al-Karismi, al-Goritmi, al-Gorismi and some way of spelling anymore. He was born in Bukhara.Tahun 780-850m is the glory days of al-Khwarizmi. al-Khwarizmi had died between the years 220 and 230m. Some say al-Khwarizmi lived about the beginning of the mid-9M. Another source confirms that he is alive Khawarism, Usbekistan in 266H/850M 194H/780M and died in Baghdad.
In education has been demonstrated bahawa al-Khwarizmi was a knowledgeable Muslim leaders. Knowledge and expertise not only in the field of Shari'a but in the fields of philosophy, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, arithmetic, history of Islam and chemistry.
Al-Khwarizmi as a teacher of algebra in Europe
He has created and Tangen Secans use trigonometry and astronomy in the investigation. In young age he worked under the Caliph al-Ma'mun, work in Bayt al-Hikmah in Baghdad. He worked in an observatory is a place to learn mathematics and astronomy. Al-Khwarizmi also believed to lead the library of the Caliph. He has introduced India figures and calculation methods of India in the Islamic world. He is also an author of the Encyclopedia in various disciplines. Al-Khwarizmi was a character who first introduced algebra and computation. Much more knowledge he learned in the field of mathematics and mathematical concepts result in a so popular that is still used today.
ROLE AND CONTRIBUTION Al-Khwarizmi
Contribution in the form of the work of which is:
1. Al-Jabr wa'l muqabalah: he has created and tangens secans use trigonometry and astronomy in the investigation.
2.Hisab al-Jabr wa al-muqabalah: He
has submitted examples of math problems and put 800 pieces of matter that most of the issues raised by Neo. Babylian in the form of allegations that have been substantiated by al-Khwarizmi.
3.Sistem Number: He has introduced the concept of nature and it is important in a number system today. His work on this one contains Cos, Sin and Tan in the completion of trigonometric equations, and the isosceles triangle theorem calculation of triangles, rectangles and circles in geometry.
Many other concepts in mathematics that have been introduced al-Khwarizmi. The field of astronomy also made famous al-Khwarizmi. Can be defined as the science of astronomy Falaq [knowledge of the stars, which involves the study of the positions, movements, and thoughts and commentaries related to the star].
Private al-Khwarizmi
Al-Khwarizmi's personality has been recognized by the Islamic and Western world. This can be proved bahawa G.Sarton said that "the highest achievements have been obtained by the Eastern people ...." In this case the Al-Khwarizmi. Another character, Wiedmann said .... "al-Khwarizmi had a strong personality and a person who dedicated his life to the world of science".
Some branches of science in mathematics that are introduced by al-Khwarizmi such as geometry, algebra, arithmetic, and others. Geometry is the second branch of mathematics. Uterine contents discussed in this second branch is the origin of geometry and its main reference is the Kitab al-Ustugusat [The Elements] Euklid works: geometry derived in terms of language than the Greek words namely 'geo' meaning earth and "metri" means the measurement . In terms of science, geometry is the science that examines matters relating to the magnitude and the properties of space. Geometry is studied from the time of the pharaohs [2000SM]. Thales of Miletus introduced later Egyptian geometry to Greece as a science in the period 6th century BC. Islamic scholars have so perfected the rules of science education is primarily on ke9M century.
Algebra / Algebra is a mathematical pulse. Al-Khwarizmi's work has been translated by Gerhard of Gremano and Robert of Chaster into Europe in the 12th century. before the appearance of a work entitled 'reckoning al-wa al muqabalah Jibra written by al-Khwarizmi in 820M. Prior to this there is no algebraic term.
Soichiro Honda , born 17 November 1906 - died August 5, 1991 at age 84 years) was a Japanese industrialist born in Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan.
Honda spent his childhood helping his father in a bicycle repair business. At 15 years, with no formal education, Honda moved to Tokyo to look for work. He obtained an apprenticeship at a workshop in 1922, and after his employment, he still worked there for six years before returning to his hometown to start his car repair business in 1928 at the age of 22 years.
Honda likes auto racing and created a record pace in 1936. He then suffered an injury in a severe accident - including broken bones in both wrists - and persuaded his wife to quit the race. Honda and concentrate on his business, and in 1937 he moved to the manufacture of piston rings, by establishing Tokai Seiki Heavy Industry (IBTS, Tokai Seiki Heavy Industry). In 1948 he sold the IBTS to Toyota for 450 000 yen (roughly equal to 1 million dollars when measured in 2003).
In 1948 Honda began production of motorcycles as president of Honda Corporation. Honda changed the company into a multinational corporation worth billions that produce best-selling motorcycle in the world. Honda remained president until his retirement the company in 1973, then stayed on as director and was appointed "supreme adviser" in 1983. After retirement Honda busied himself with work connected with the Honda Foundation. He died in 1991 due to liver failure.
The journey of life and career
Soichiro Honda was born the first son of a blacksmith named Gihei Honda, in 1906 in a small village called Komyo (now called Tenryu), Japan. He was not adequate formal education and not very well at school. But the spirit and ideals are very high. Various literature states that the initial interest in the world begins at a very young age. In 1922 he was working at Art Shokai shop, did not pursue his father's skill as a blacksmith. Work is not directly related to the engine as he wants but as a power cleaning service while taking care of babies from the owner of the garage, to the Honda shop owner found a real talent. Six years later he was believed to open up shop in Hamamatsu branch of Art Shokai. workshop that is paving the way next. Initially, he felt that his shop is the only one in town, but soon he was faced with the fact that he is not alone. Soon came new competitors, but he has two steps to win the competition. First he received a repair shop that was rejected earlier by the other and both are working as quickly as possible so the customer does not take long to wait.
Soichiro but not the type who are satisfied with one success. He wanted a lot of ideas that need to be realized. For example the idea of making wheels with metal spokes to replace wooden spokes. Membuatring obsession piston which was still hard to come by. Period, foreign-made rare and hard to be perfect. Piston ring is what made him go back to school at the age of 28 after struggling with a variety of experiments, made piston rings do not fit his expectations. It took three years to realize a project of this piston ring. But in times of war the world has finally become a supplier of military industry.
After the war, he had the idea to install the engine on a bike that is the forerunner of motorcycles at a later date. Initially he took advantage of second hand machines of war. When homemade is sold, extraordinary public response. Merchandise to sell quickly pushed him to make a motorcycle.
Despite a successful motorcycle, Honda was hit financial problems and even threatened with bankruptcy. He was a great inventor and mechanic, but not good at managing finances. This is then brought together with Takeo Fujisawa.
In the eyes of employees, Soichiro notoriously hard, even not infrequently he was "playing hand" in the real sense. Working with Soichiro means there are two options: move to another company or to learn with him. Besides a love of machinery, Soichiro alone in the crazy world of racing. It's also what later became the key to success. Of race, he got valuable input for product development. Even when newly entering the world of automobile manufacturing in 1962, just two years later, he immediately realized his dreams, falls in the arena of Formula 1.
While in the arena of mass production, Honda spawned a very popular product market, fuel-efficient and high-speed, which is a trade brand Honda until now. When he retired in 1973, he handed over the leadership in Kiyoshi Kawashima. Soichiro died in 1991 at the age of 84 due to liver disease. Survived by his wife, Sachi, and a son and two daughters.
Sakichi Toyoda was a Japanese inventor and industrialist. He was born in Kosai, Shizuoka. Son of a poor carpenter, Toyoda is referred to as the "King of Japanese Inventors". Career Sakichi Toyoda is often called the father of Japan's industrial revolution. He is also the founder of Toyota Industries Co., Ltd.. Born February 14, 1867 (02/14/1867) in Japan, died October 30, 1930 in Japan
He created various weaving tools. The most famous invention is the automatic power looms in which he applied the principle of Jidoka (autonomous automation). Jidoka principle, which means that the machine stops itself when problems occur, then became part of the Toyota Production System. Toyoda developed the concept of 5 stars why: When there is a problem, ask 'why' five times to try to find the source of the problem, then put something into place to prevent such problems from recurring. This concept is used today as part of implementing lean methodologies to solve problems, improve quality and reduce costs.
History
Toyota Motor Corporation was founded in September 1933 as a division of Automatic Weaving Factory Toyota cars. The company's car division then separated on August 27, 1937 to create the Toyota Motor Corporation as at present.
Departing from the textile industry, Toyota plug itself as one of the leading automotive manufacturers are pretty all over the world. Brand that produces a car every 6 seconds it was over because Toyota uses names mention tastier than using the family name of its founder, Toyoda. Here are some interesting milestone way Toyota. Toyota is the third largest car manufacturer in the world in unit sales and net sales. Japan's largest manufacturer produces 5.5 million cars worldwide. If calculated, this figure is equivalent to producing one unit of the car in 6 seconds.
Compared with other automotive industries that use the trademark name of its founder as such by Soichiro Honda founded Honda, Daimler-Benz (Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz), Ford (Henry Ford), Toyoda name is not used as a brand. Because the set of simple ideas and visions that time, the mention of Toyoda less pleasant and not so familiarly known spoofed into a Toyota. Sakichi Toyoda was born in February 1867 in Shizuoka, Japan. This man is known as the inventor since I was a teenager. Toyoda devoted his life to studying and developing the textile assembly. In the age of 30 years completed the Toyoda loom. It then set up her Toyota assembly precursor, the Toyoda Automatic Loom Works, Ltd.. in November 1926.
Here the automatic textile machinery patent was later sold to Platt Brothers & Co., Ltd.. of England, United Kingdom. Proceeds from sale of this patent, made capital development of the automotive division. Beginning in 1933, when Toyoda build automotive division, the team then largely controlled by his son Kiichiro Toyoda, endlessly producing leading innovations in his day. A type of engine was completed in 1934. A year later the first prototype engine was transplanted their passenger cars, A1. Toyoda automotive division also produces G1 model trucks. In 1936 they launched their first passenger car, Toyoda AA (at that time still used the name Toyoda). This model was developed from a prototype model A1 and fitted body and engine A. These vehicles are expected to be the beginning of people's car. The concept of Toyota products continue to be held until now.
Four years is enough to wait for delivery of automotive companies own and break away from their textile industry. Then in 1937 they inaugurated the automotive division and the name Toyota, Toyoda is not like the name of the textile industry. Intake Toyota name in Japanese characters are represented in 8, and eight is a lucky number for Japanese society. Another reason is considered reasonable is the automotive industry is a lifestyle business and even the mention of a name (and what it sounds like), a side that is so important. Because Toyoda's name was considered too rigid in the dynamic business that is converted into a Toyota that feels better. No doubt, 1937 was an important era of the birth of Toyota Motor Co., Ltd.. embryo of giant Toyota Motor Corp. (TMC) today.
Kiichiro Toyoda spirit of innovation has never dimmed. Toyota later developed into a formidable producer of vehicles. In the era of the 1940s, Toyota is busy developing the company's capital includes inserting the bourses in Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya.
After World War II era, in the 1950s is proving Toyota sebgai tough all-purpose vehicle producer. At that time the familiar Jeep vehicles in Japan. Inspired by this car, the Toyota Land Cruiser then develop orototipe that came out in 1950. A year later officially launched early model Land Cruiser BJ models ie.
Buln July that year, the test driver Ichiro Taira end the test with remarkable results. Inspired by Samurai Heikuro figures are climbing Mount Atago Magaki on horseback in 1643, Taira drove his Toyota BJ to Fudo temple in Okasaki city. It once used as a promotional car toughness of all these fields. Not long ago, Toyota Land Cruiser began to rival the dominance of the Willys Jeep. Even with the subsequent models, the Toyota Land Cruiser can be accepted in the market when it is difficult to penetrate the North America. Through this model, Toyota entered the markets in various parts of the world, including in Indonesia, known as the Toyota Land Cruiser Hardtop FJ40/45. In Africa, the models of Toyota Land Cruiser Technical alias is used as an armed jeeps equipped with light machine guns, heavy weapons, or even without starting basoka behind (Recoilless bazooka) and deployed during armed conflicts with the very strong performance. Toyota is not only known through the Toyota Land Cruiser. They also developed a model that became the world's favorite, a small sedan. Through the Corolla which debuted in 1966, this early generation sedan wearing tiny rear drive sedan bongsor change the order of the popular small sedan was headed toward a compact, economical and compact. Entering 1975, the Corolla into the third generation and has sold over 5 million units. The amazing thing is still strong today. Corolla engine is then used in Indonesia as an engine for a versatile commercial vehicle family, the first generation Toyota Kijang is known as the Crocodile Deer.
More consistent product mengglobalnya Toyota, they have not realized the logo graphic. Even in Indonesia found the Toyota-branded vehicles like the Toyota Kijang with TOYOTA logo on the grille on the bonnet (nose) car. In 1989 Toyota decided to make two circles oval (ellipse) which produced the letter T and the third ellipse would suggest the spirit of understanding in design. The third circle is at once around the circle before the T-shaped ellipse as evidence and influence to keep him.
In the 1990s, Toyota has proved that Japanese cars can compete with European and American cars. Toyota Celica won the world rally, and the Toyota Camry became the best selling car in America.
Leadership
President of Toyota Motor Industries:
Rizaburo Toyoda (1937-1941) Kiichiro Toyoda (1941-1950) Taizo Ishida (1950-1961) Fukio Nakagawa (1961-1967) Eiji Toyoda (1967-1982) President of Toyota Motor Corporation: Eiji Toyoda (1967-1981) Shoichiro Toyoda (1982-1992) CEO of Toyota Motor Corporation: Dr. Tatsuro Toyoda (1992-1995) Hiroshi Okuda (1995-1999) Fujio Cho (1999-2005) Katsuaki Watanabe (2005-2009) Akio Toyoda (2009-present) Chairman of Toyota Motor Corporation: Shoichiro Toyoda (1992-1999) Hiroshi Okuda (1999-2006) Fujio Cho (2006-present)
The product line
Electrical Technology
Toyota Prius, the top ranks in hybrid technology Toyota Toyota is one of the world's automotive manufacturers are developing hybrid technology on a large scale. The company manufactures and sells the first commercial hybrid car, such as for example the Toyota Prius. Furthermore, they also provide a hybrid option on other cars like the Camry, and then also for the Lexus division. At Toyota, they are called hybrid technology "Hybrid Synergy Drive" while at the Lexus using the name "Lexus Hybrid Drive." Toyota Prius hybrid is the best-selling car in America. Toyota now has four hybrid cars in its ranks: the Prius, Auris, Highlander, and Camry. Toyota Sienna minivan is also planned to launch its hybrid version in 2010. By 2030, Toyota plans to produce all the ranks of his car with a hybrid option.
Lexus LS 600h hybrid sedan.
Toyota's hybrid car sales worldwide reached one million units on May 31, 2007 and reached 2 million units on August 31, 2009. They sell hybrid cars in the 50 negara.Penjualan led by Toyota hybrid car Prius, with total sales of around 1.43 million units in August 2009. [5] Toyota's CEO has committed that they will make all their cars into hybrid vehicles. Lexus also has a line of hybrid cars, consisting of the GS 450h, RX 400h and LS 600h L. 600h/LS
Plug-in hybrid
Toyota now again test the vehicle "Toyota Plug-in HV" in Japan, the United States, and Europe. Such as GM's Chevrolet Volt, this car uses lithium-ion batteries, but the difference is this car can run using its own electric gasoline engine ata. Hybrid electric cars plug-in is expected to more environmentally friendly than hybrid cars today. Month of April 2011, Toyota announced that the New Plug-In Prius will come in 2012.
Lexus
Toyota also has a new brand called Lexus. Beginning at a secret meeting of Toyota's top brass in 1983. Toyota president at the time, Eiji Toyoda, expressed the opinion that Toyota produces cars, which then project named "Project F1". In 1989, the car was tangible Lexus LS 400 was introduced at the North American International Auto Show in 1989. Another naming concept is to break away from home a tough car image, make Lexus readily accepted in the United States market. Among auto analysts say when in a Lexus, people will forget if it's made by Toyota (Japan), a venture car manufacturer originally set out from the textile industry.
Nikolaus August Otto (June 14, 1832 - 28 January 1891) is the inventor of the internal combustion engine of German origin. As a young man he began experimenting with gas engines and in 1864 took part with two friends to form his own company. The company was named after N. A. Otto & Cie., Which is the first company to produce internal combustion engines. The company still exists today under the name Deutz AG.
His first atmospheric engine was completed in May 1867. 5 years later he was followed by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach and together they created the idea of four-stroke cycle or Otto cycle. First made in 1876, it was a movement up or down on the piston cylinder. Otto made a patent does not apply in 1886 when it was discovered that another inventor, Alphonse Beau de Rochas, has made the principle of rotation 4 was published in a leaflet alone. According to the study of recent history, Italian inventors Eugenio Barsanti and Felice Matteucci patented the first version of the efficient work of the internal combustion engine in 1854 in London (patent number 1072). Otto engine in many ways the least inspired of the discovery.
Igor Sikorsky was born on May 25, 1889, in Kiev (Ukraine), he is one of the pioneers and inventors of the helicopter. Igor is the youngest of five brothers. His father, Ivan Alexeevich Sikorsky is a professor of psychology, a descendant of Poland - Russia. Ivan is the son and grandson of the Russian Orthodox priest. Igor Sikorsky mother, Mariya Stefanovna Sikorskaya is a doctor, igor very fond of art, especially in the life and work of Leonardo da Vinci and Jules Verne story.
In 1900, at age 11, he accompanied his father to Germany and through conversations with his father, he became interested in natural science. After returning home, Sikorsky began to experiment with model flying machines, and at the age of 12, he has made a small rubber band-powered helicopter. Sikorsky began studying at the Naval Academy, Saint Petersburg Russia, in 1903, at age 14. In 1906, he determined that his future lay in engineering, so he resigned from the Academy, although satisfactory performance in the academy, and he left Russia to study in Paris. He returned to Russia in 1907, enrolled at the College of Engineering (Polytechnic Institute of Kiev). After the academic year, Sikorsky returned with his father to Germany in the summer of 1908, where he learned about the work of the Wright brothers, Sikorsky later said that:
"In twenty-four hours, I decided to change my life's work, I will study the flight .." With financial support from her sister Olga, Sikorsky returned to Paris in 1909 to study aeronautics at the Flight School "Ecole des Techniques et de Construction Automobile Aéronautiques (ETACA)" and purchase aircraft parts. At that time, Paris was the center of aviation. Sikorsky met the aviation pioneer, and ask them to answer questions about aircraft and flying. In May 1909, he returned to Russia and began designing his first helicopter, he began testing in July 1909. Although progress in resolving the technical issues of control, Sikorsky realized that the plane will never fly. He eventually dismantle the aircraft design in October 1909. "I've learned enough to realize that with the existing state of the art, machine, material, and of all of them ranging from lack of money and lack of experience ... I will not be able to produce a helicopter of my dreams" In early 1912, Igor Sikorsky became Chief Engineer of the division plane to Russko Baltiisky Vagonny ZAVOD or R-BVZ in Saint Petersburg. His work in the R-BVZ including construction mesinm first four aircraft, S-21 Russky Vityaz, which is called Le Grand. He also served as experimenters first flight on May 13, 1913. In recognition of his achievements, he was awarded an honorary degree in engineering from the Polytechnic Institute of Saint Petersburg in 1914. Sikorsky took the experience of building Russky Vityaz to develop the S-22 aircraft Ilya Muromets. Due to the outbreak of World War I, he redesigned the bombers the world's first four-engine, which is decorated with the Order of St. Vladimir.
After World War I, Igor Sikorsky briefly became an engineer for the French army in Russia during the Russian Civil War. He saw little chance for him to be an aircraft designer in the war in Europe, and especially Russia, later, he emigrated to the United States, and arrived in New York on March 30, 1919.
In the United States, Sikorsky first worked as a school teacher and lecturer, while looking for opportunities to work in the aviation industry. In 1932, he joined the faculty of the University of Rhode Island to form the Aeronautical Engineering program and remain with the University until 1948. He also lectures at the University of Bridgeport.
In 1923, Sikorsky Sikorsky Manufacturing Company established in Roosevelt, New York. He was assisted by several former Russian military officer. Among the supporters was Sergei Rachmaninoff Sikorsky, who introduced himself by writing a check for U.S. $ 5,000, or about $ 61,000 in 2007. Although the prototype is damaged in the first flight test, Sikorsky persuaded supporters to invest $ 2,500. With additional funding, he produced the S-29, one of the first twin-engine aircraft in America, with capacity for 14 passengers and the speed of 115 mph. Performance of S-29, slower than the military aircraft in 1918.
In 1928, Sikorsky became a naturalized citizen of the United States. Sikorsky Manufacturing Company moved to Stratford, Connecticut in 1929. and became part of United Aircraft and Transport (now United Technologies Corporation) in July of that year. The company is producing airplanes, such as the "Clipper" 42-S, used by Pan Am for trans-Atlantic flight.
Meanwhile, Sikorsky also continue to work on a previous vertical flight. On February 14, 1929, he filed a patent for the application of "direct lift" for seaplanes. On June 27, 1931, Sikorsky filed a patent for the other "direct lift aircraft", and was awarded patent number 1,994,488 on March 19, 1935 on rencanganya design. and ultimately, success with Sikorsky VS-300 leads to R-4, which became the first helicopter in the world of mass produced in 1942. VS-300 finally by Sikorsky in the configuration using the rotor, which consists of a single main rotor and tail rotor antitorque single, and became one of the most popular helicopter models, the most widely used in current production and Sikorsky helicopter called the inventor calls modern helicopter.
Sikorsky is married to Olga Fyodorovna Simkovitch in Russia. They divorced and Olga remained in Russia with their daughter and Sikorsky went to America before the October Revolution. Sikorsky married Elisabeth Semion in 1924, in New York, Sikorsky and Elisabeth then have four sons Sergei, Nikolai, Igor Jr. and George.
Sikorsky died at his home in Easton, Connecticut, on October 26, 1972, and was buried in Saint John's Cemetery in Stratford. Sikorsky has been designated a Connecticut Aviation Pioneer by the Connecticut State Legislature. Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation in Stratford Connecticut, to this day one of the world's leading manufacturer of helicopters, and a small airport nearby Sikorsky Memorial Airport has been named.
László József Bureau or the Bureau Laszlo was born 29 September 1899, He is the inventor of the modern fountain pen. Production of the first pen is displayed on an international exhibition in Budapest, Hungary in 1931. Creation is patented in Paris in 1938. Bureau noted that the ink used in newspaper printing dried quickly and left no stain on the paper. Other difficulties when using the pen for correcting the manuscripts, written on thin paper as ink is widened, spilled or tear the paper because of a sharp blade of a pen. Together with his brother George, a chemist, he developed a new pen tip tersiri of a ball that could rotate freely in a hole.
When spinning, the ball will pick up ink from a cartridge, the ink flowing wet tiny ball in the capillaries and with the help of gravity. and then rolled in order to attach it on paper. Because of the small ball that's why the new pen called Ball Point Pen or commonly known as the pen / pens. This design was then patented in Argentina on June 10, 1943 and sold under the brand Birome, which still survive today. Initially, the use of stationery and ink pen ink is used separately. The pen used was originally made from goose feathers as commonly used in medieval Europe, reed stems of water used in the Middle East or even a brush that is used in China and Japan. The downside is that its use is often troublesome because the users or even spilled the ink spilled on paper.
Pen has an internal chamber that is loaded ink stick. Ink is distributed through the edges when used with penggelindingan a small ball (diameter about 0.7 mm to 1 mm) of metallic materials. Ink to dry immediately after touching the paper. Unlike the pen that uses liquid ink, pen ink is thick and sticky. This is why they can not easily leak into the tip so that the ball be covered. In the 1960s became known soft-tip pen we call markers. This new breakthrough, because the eye is made of porous plastic pen, ink sac also contains synthetic fiber. While it works like a sponge to store water.
Given the advantages of each type of pen so the idea arose to combine. The result is a rolling ball pen with a ball at the tip of the pen as the pen, but uses liquid ink stored safely in the bag as in pen or marker. When used, the tip of the pen would slide comfortably on a surface like a paper using a pen or marker. Bureau Laszlo died 24 November 1985 at the age of 86 years.
Developments Ballpoint / pen from time to time
Initially pen or fountain pen is one of the stationary current. Not easy to do to determine since when humans recognize the pen. There are allegations that the man who called the first time using a chisel (iron sharpening) are often used
for writing and drawing on stone or metal plates and is the first generation of pen. That said, it was not until 1000 BC occurred when the Chinese revolution stationery using hair brush as a writing tool. Brush the dried ink from soot or charcoal is its use as a watercolor.
Around 400 BC, "born" pens made from reeds rod to write on papyrus. Such type of pen can be found in Egypt and Armenia, are known as the Cairo and Alexanderia main market these items. Even now many people along the coast of the Persian Gulf who collect reeds rod for this purpose, while the marketing spread to most eastern states. Reportedly, the most suitable pen with ink and paper used there. Selected reeds usually a very small yet powerful trunked. Once cut, the weeds are kept specifically, for example, are stored under the pile of manure for several months. The result, in addition to changing the color of mixed black and yellow, the stem will be even harder with a smoother surface. Along with the development of quality paper, it requires a finer pen. Goose also be an option. If referring to the figures written St. Isodore of Sevile, a new quill appeared in the seventh century. Although many existing quill suspect earlier.
Once sorted according to length and thickness, wing feathers buried in hot sand to dry outer skin. This makes the process easy to clean and coat the inside puckered and peeling. Then amplified with a soft feather dipped into a boiling solution containing alum or nitric acid. In the final stage, the nib is shaped to cut and comfortable.
Goose quill memepunyai an important role at that time. Steel pen was found in 1820, and gradually took over the task of goose feathers. The form was different from that round, sharp, and chisel. Now we only use pens are produced from the factory, ready to use for any purpose.
In 1828, people began to recognize that steel pens were introduced John Mitchell of Birmingham UK. For approximately 7.5 liters of rice today. Unfortunately, when the people feel uncomfortable wearing it if every time the steel pen must be dipped in ink.
In 1884 came the marsupial ink pen with the principle of capillary tube, one of which is made by an American, Lewis Edson Waterman. Waterman pen is indeed creation has made its own revolution in the field of writing. Because humans no longer need to repeatedly dip the pen into the inkwell after writing a few words. Waterman has used gold iridium-clad plate in the eyes of the pen. He is also the person who first put pen clip on the cover.
The next pen is a pen models that rely on metal ball at the tip of a pen that will continue to submerged liquid ink from the ink sac. Then the pen comes close or mechanical key that prevents the ink dries on the tip. Various models and forms, many made at the time. However, the model is most satisfying is the work of Lazlo Biro. Pens once very popular in England, especially during World War II (1939-1940) who was then a lot of fighter pilots preferred because it does not leak when taken flight.
Julius Robert Oppenheim was born on 22 April 1904 in New York City, Julius Robert Oppenheimer was born and raised in New York City. When studying, she was very fond of learning languages, mathematics and science. Among his school friends, Oppenheimer's most assiduously studied, particularly in the areas of language. He did not just learn it, but also strive to fluently speak and read his writings. This habit led to brilliant results. In 1925 or after graduating from Harvard University.
Oppenheimer seamlessly continued his studies at Cambridge University in England, and then move on to Gottingen, Germany to pursue a PhD. While at Gottingen who was then the center of the development of quantum mechanics, Oppenheimer received guidance from Max Born to a PhD (1927). After graduation he returned home, two years later a row Oppenheimer founded a school of theoretical physics at the California Institute of Technology and the University of Berkeley.
In the 1930's to the early involvement of Oppenheimer in the world of atomic and nuclear physics. Oppenheimer donated a lot of thoughts in atomic and nuclear physics, including the first thoughts about neutron stars and black holes that have been neglected astronomers in the long term. Oppenheimer is clearly contributing his thoughts because he opposed the rise to power of fascism in that era. Moreover, in 1939, Americans know that Germany managed to split the atom and develop it into an exceptional weapon. So, to match the power of the Germans, in 1941 President Roosevelt established the Manhattan Project and appointed Julius Robert Oppenheimer as director.
In performing its duties, following Oppenheimer develop atomic weapons at Los Alamos research headquarters, New Mexico. Other studies also took place at Columbia University, University of Chicago, and Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Time of the study, invited Oppenheimer's top physicists. They were invited to work together to make an atomic bomb. Of the many physicists who were present, 3,000 people were eventually selected to be a team headed by Oppenheimer.
Dated July 16, 1945 or after three years of hard work to do
research, Oppenheimer witnessed the test the first atomic bomb explosion in the desert of New Mexico. Many people judge, the explosion would change world history forever. Evidently, a month after the hose test explosion, burned two atomic bombs Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing hundreds of thousands of people. This makes the Japanese to surrender and retreat from World War II on August 10, 1945. Despite harsh criticism for having killed hundreds of thousands of lives, the findings of the atomic bomb Oppenheimer still has a positive impact, because it can put an end to World War II that has lasted a long time.
After the Atomic Bomb Drop In, Oppenheimer regretted his job and called for atomic energy for peaceful use. He then questioned kesetiaanya and credibility and brought to a hearing to top U.S. officials and resulted in advisory positions to government in the security field is removed. Many scientists who are not satisfied on the actions that occur during the national hysteria that led Senator Joseph Raymond McCarthy (but was later discredited).
When the war ended, Oppenheimer remained active in this field. He was elected as chairman of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. Oppenheimer unfortunately not smooth, it relates to his strength against the development of hydrogen bombs more powerful than the atomic bomb. Oppenheimer is considered treason, he was in court in 1953. Although not proven guilty, the security protection and contract as adviser to the Atomic Energy Commission remains revoked. No broken charcoal, Oppenheimer remained a career and vibrant.
He continued his career as an educator on "the academic post of director of the Institute of Advanced Study at Princeton University". Peak in 1963, President Lyndon B. Johnson handed the award "Enrico Fermi Award" from the Atomic Energy Commission. Three years after receiving the award, Julius Robert Oppenheimer had to retire due to throat cancer. 1967 he died at the age of 63 years. Through the atomic bomb, Robert Oppenheimer Julius changed the world forever.
