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| Bill Gates |
During his career at Microsoft, Gates has served as CEO and chief software architect, and still the largest individual shareholder with more than 8 percent of common shares perusahaan.Ia also has written several books.
Gates was one of the personal computer revolution-known businessman in the world. Although he is admired by many people, some in the industry [who?] Criticize his business tactics that are considered anti-competitive, an opinion supported by the courts in some cases. [8] [9] In the final stages of his career, Gates did some business philanthropy by donating a large amount of money to various charitable organizations and scientific research programs through the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, founded in 2000.
Gates stepped down as the highest executive officer of Microsoft in January 2000. He still serves as chairman and form the chief software architect position. On June 2006, Gates announced that he will work part-time at Microsoft and full time at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. He gradually delegate all work to Ray Ozzie, chief software architect and Craig Mundie, the highest official Microsoft research and strategy. Last day of work full time at Microsoft's Gates is June 27, 2008. He still works at Microsoft as non-executive chairman.
Early life
Gates was born in Seattle, Washington, from partner William H. Gates, Sr.. and Mary Maxwell Gates, who is a descendant of the English, German, and Scots-Irlandia.Keluarganya including the upper middle; his father was a prominent lawyer, his mother served as a member of the board of directors of First Interstate BancSystem and the United Way, and his father, J. W. Maxwell, the president of a national bank. Gates has a sister named Kristi (Kristianne) and a younger sister named Libby. He was the fourth descendant in a family, but is known as William Gates III or "Trey" because his father bears the suffix "At the beginning of his life, Gates' parents expect her to a career in hukum.Ketika Gates was young, his family often attend church congregation.
At age 13, he attended Lakeside School, an exclusive prep school in Seattle. When he was in eighth grade, the Mothers Club at the school take advantage of the permission of the Lakeside School rummage sale to buy a Model 33 ASR Teletype terminal and part time computer using computer General Electric (GE) for high school students. Gates is interested in programming the GE system using a BASIC , and out of math classes to pursue his desire. He wrote his first computer program on this machine, an implementation of tic-tac-toe that allow computer users to play against the computer. Gates was fascinated with these machines and how machines execute software code perfectly. When he thought back on those times, he says, "There is something that fits with the machine.
After the Mothers Club donation runs out, he and other students spent time working on several systems, including DEC PDP minicomputers. One such system is a PDP-10 owned by the Computer Center Corporation (CCC), which banned four Lakeside students-Gates, Paul Allen, Ric Weiland, and Kent Evans-for the summer after they were caught exploiting a bug in the operating system to gain time free computer.
Toward the end of the ban, the four students offered to find bugs in CCC's software in exchange for computer time. Instead of using the system via Teletype, Gates went to CCC's offices and studied source code programs that run on the system, including programs in FORTRAN, LISP, and machine language. Agreement with CCC continued until 1970, when the company went bankrupt. The following year, Information Sciences, Inc..
employs four Lakeside students to write a payroll program in COBOL language and give them computer time and royalties. Once managers are aware of its programming abilities, Gates wrote the school a computer program to create student classroom schedules. He modified the code so that it is placed in classes dominated by women. He then stated that "hard to pull away from the machine that I can use to demonstrate a clear success. At the age of 17, Gates and Allen formed a joint venture called Traf-O-Data, to create traffic counters based on the Intel 8008. [21] In early 1973, Bill Gates worked as a congressional aide in the U.S. House of Representatives.
Gates graduated from Lakeside School in 1973. He obtained a value of 1590 of total 1600 on the SAT exam and enrolled at Harvard College in the fall of 1973. At Harvard, he met Steve Ballmer, who later replaced Gates as CEO of Microsoft.
In both, Gates designing an algorithm for sorting pancakes as a solution to one of a series of problems that have not terpecahkandalam combinatorics class by Harry Lewis, one of his professors. Gates Solutions holds the record for the fastest version for 30 years; his successor was more rapid one percent saja.Solusinya was inaugurated in printed form in collaboration with the Harvard computer scientist Christos Papadimitriou.
Gates has no plans to learn it as a student at Harvard and spent much time using the school computers. Gates is still communicating with Paul Allen, and she joined him at Honeywell in the summer of 1974. The following year, MITS Altair 8800 based on the Intel 8080 CPU launched, and Gates and Allen saw the launch as an opportunity to establish its own computer software. [30] He had discussed this decision with his parents are very supportive once they see the enthusiasm to establish the Gates company.
Microsoft
BASIC
After reading the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics that demonstrated the Altair 8800, Gates contacted Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS), the creator of the new microcomputer, to inform them that he and his friends are working on a BASIC interpreter for use as platformnya.Kenyataannya, Gates and Allen did not have computers and do not write sebarispun Altair BASIC code, they just want to make MITS interested. MITS president Ed Roberts agreed to meet them to see the demo, and in the next few weeks they developed an Altair emulator operates on a minicomputer, and then the BASIC interpreter. The demonstration, held at MITS's offices in Albuquerque was successful and resulted in a deal with MITS to distribute the interpreter as Altair BASIC was. Paul Allen was hired at MITS, and Gates out of Harvard to work with Allen at MITS in Albuquerque in November 1975. They named their partnership "Micro-Soft" and established its first office in Albuquerque.Satu next year, a hyphen in his name removed, and on 26 November 1976, the trade name "Microsoft" is registered in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs New Mexico. Gates never went back to Harvard to complete his studies.
Microsoft BASIC is known by computer enthusiasts, but Gates was later discovered that the pre-market copy had leaked into the community and continues to be widely copied and distributed. On February 1976, Gates wrote the Open Letter to Hobbyists in the MITS news letter stating that MITS can not continue to manufacture, distribute, and maintain high-quality software without paying.
This letter was welcomed by many fans cool the computer, but Gates maintains his belief that software developers should be able to charge a fee. Microsoft free of MITS in late 1976, and the company continues to develop programming language software for various sistem.Perusahaan is moved from Albuquerque to its new kanor in Bellevue, Washington on January 1, 1979.
In the early years of Microsoft, all employees have a great responsibility on the company's business. Gates oversaw the business details as well as writing the code. In the first five years, Gates personally review every line of code the company shipped, and often rewrote parts of the code to make it look right.
Partnership with IBM
In 1980, IBM persuade Microsoft to write a BASIC interpreter for the rest of their personal computers, IBM PC. When IBM's representatives mentioned that they needed an operating system, Gates gave a referral to Digital Reserach (DRI), makers of the operating system CP / M which is widely used in the IBM itu.Diskusi with Digital Research did not work, and they do not reach a licensing agreement. IBM representative Jack Sams mentioned the licensing difficulties permission at the next meeting with Gates and told him to find a decent operating system.
A few weeks later Gates plans to use 86-DOS (QDOS), an operating system similar to CP / M software is made by Tim Paterson of Seattle Computer Products (SCP) is the same as PC. Microsoft made a deal with SCP to become the executive agent license, and then the absolute owner of 86-DOS. After adapting the operating system for PC, Microsoft delivered it to IBM PC-DOS in the form of a fee in exchange for $ 50,000. Gates did not offer a transfer of copyright is the operating system, because he believes other software manufacturers will emulate IBM system. They were right, and sales of MS-DOS made Microsoft a major player in the computer industry.
Gates oversaw Microsoft's company restructuring on June 25, 1981 the company re-incorporate in the state of Microsoft and made Gates President and Chairman of Microsoft.
Windows
Microsoft launched its first retail version of Microsoft Windows on November 20, 1985, and in August, the company reached an agreement with IBM to develop a separate operating system called OS / 2. Although the two companies successfully developed the first version of this system, creative differences undermine this cooperation. Gates issued an internal memo on May 16, 1991 which announced that the joint OS / 2 ended and shifting their operations to the Microsoft Windows NT kernel development.
Management style
Since its founding Microsoft in 1975 to 2006, Gates has a big responsibility towards the company's product strategy. He has aggressively expanded the company's product lineup, and when Microsoft managed to dominate the market it hard to defend. He gained a reputation as someone who shy away from the hotel; in early 1981 an industry executives complained to the public that "Gates is famous for can not be contacted by phone and did not return phone calls.
As an executive, Gates met regularly with senior managers and program manager for Microsoft. Some of the direct recognition of this meeting said Gates as the man who strikes with the words, berating managers knowing there was a hole there is a business strategy or proposal that put their company's long-term plans in the balance. He often cut off the presentation with comments like, "That's the stupidest thing I've ever heard and," You'd better return and join the Corps opsimu Perdamaian.Target anger is to defend the proposal to the smallest detail of his subordinates sepenuhnya.Ketika Gates looks to delay his work , Gates is known to express sarcastic words, "I'll do it next weekend.
Much of Gates' role at Microsoft only handles the management and executive duties. Even so, he is an active software developer in its early years, especially in the programming language Microsoft products. He also unofficially became part of the development team since working on the TRS-80 Model 100, and also wrote the code at the end of 1989 were included in the company's products. On June 15, 2006, Gates announced that he would discontinue its daily work during the next two years to focus on philanthropic activities. He divides his duty to his two successors, namely Ray Ozzie on the daily management and Craig Mundie on the long-term product strategy.
Demands of unfair competition
More information: Microsoft antitrust case United States and European Union Microsoft competition case
There are many decisions that lead to unfair competition claims on Microsoft's business practices are approved by Gates. In the case of United States v. Microsoft in 1998, Gates gave testimony that tended to avoid recognition questions. He argued with investigator David Boies about the contextual meaning of words such as "Compete" (competing), "concerned" (worrying), and "we" (we / us). BusinessWeek reports:
The first round of deposition showed Gates gave a vague answer and say 'I do not remember,' over and over until the judge gave a little laugh. Worse, a lot of denial and defensiveness "no idea" answered the head of the technology is disputed by the prosecution to show the parts that are sent and received e-mail Gates.
Gates later said that he should resist efforts Boies to misinterpret the words and actions. Testimony about his behavior when he said, "Did I dodge the question Boies? ... (Yes), I plead guilty. Whatever the punishment should be meted to me: (above) which is to Boies irreverence." Although Gates meyangkal, the judge ruled that Microsoft have made monopolization and binding, and inhibit competition, and violated the Sherman Antitrust Act.
The appearance of the advertisement
Gates appeared in several ads promoting Microsoft in 2008. The first ad, also starring Jerry Seinfeld, is a 90-second conversation when Seinfeld goes in front of a discount shoe store (Shoe Circus) in a mall and see Gates buy shoes in the store. The salesman tried to sell shoes one size larger numbers to Gates. When Gates paid him, he held a discount card that displays the edited version of his face when the photo was captured in New Mexico in 1977 due to past violations lintas.Ketika they both walked out of the mall, Seinfeld asks Gates if he has his thoughts together with other developers, having answered yes, he asked again whether they are working to make computers that can be eaten, and Gates said yes. Some people say that this ad is a tribute to the show Seinfeld is "mediocre" (Seinfeld). In the second ad, Gates and Seinfeld to stay at home and a middle class family trying to cope with ordinary people.
Post-Microsoft
Since leaving Microsoft, Gates continued filantropinya activity and, among other projects, bought the rights to video serial Messenger Lectures entitled The Character of Physical Law, delivered at Cornell University by Richard Feynman in 1964 and recorded by the BBC. The videos are available to the public online in Microsoft Project Tuva.
On April 2010, Gates was invited to visit and deliver lectures at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He asked the students to deal with the problems of the world that awaits them in the future.
Personal life
Gates married Melinda French on January 1, 1994. They had three children: Jennifer Katharine Gates (born 1996), Rory John Gates (born 1999) and Phoebe Adele Gates (born 2002). Gates family home was a dugout in the side of a hill overlooking Lake Washington in Medina. According to King County public records, in 2006 the total value of property (land and house) Gates family is $ 125 million, and annual property taxes of $ 991,000.
Home of 66,000 ft ² (6.100 m²) has a pool area of 60-foot (18 m) with an underwater music system, as well as the gymnasium area of 2500 ft ² (230 m²) and a dining area of 1,000 ft ² (93 m²).
Included among Gates' private acquisitions is the Codex Leicester, a collection of writings that Leonardo da Vinci, which Gates bought for $ 30.8 million through the auction in 1994. Gates is also known as a bookworm, and the ceiling of the library in his home filled with carved quotations from The Great Gatsby. He also enjoys playing bridge, tennis, and golf.
Gates is ranked first on Forbes 400 list from 1993 to 2007 and ranked number one on the list of The World's Richest People Forbes from 1995 to 2007 and 2009. In 1999, the wealth of Gates never exceeded $ 101 billion, resulting in the media called it a "centibillionaire". Since 2000, the number of nominal shares in Microsoft declined due to the falling price of Microsoft shares after the outbreak of the dot-com bubble and the contribution of multi-billion dollars to various charities. At an interview in May 2006, Gates commented that he is not the richest person in the world because he does not like attention arising from the title. [64] Gates has several investments outside Microsoft who in 2006 menggajinya of $ 616,667 and bonus of $ 350,000 bringing the total reached $ 966,667. He founded Corbis, a digital image, in 1989. In 2004 he became director of Berkshire Hathaway, the investment company headed by his old friend, Warren Buffett. In March 2010, Bill Gates was ranked second as the richest man in the world after losing to Carlos Slim.
Philanthropy
Jordan, a former United Kingdom Prime Minister Gordon Brown, President Umaru Yar'Adua of Nigeria and other participants in the 'Call to Action on the Millennium Development Goals' on the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 208 in Davos, Switzerland
Further information: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Gates began to appreciate the expectations of the people against him when public opinion goes on to say that Gates is able to contribute part of his fortune to charity. Gates studied the work of Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller, and in 1994 he sold part of its stake in Microsoft to establish the William H. Gates Foundation. In 2000, Gates and his wife combine into one of three family foundations and charitable foundations formed the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which is now a charitable foundation that operates transparently in the world. This foundation allows the donor to access information about how the foundation spent money, unlike other major charitable organizations such as the Wellcome Trust.Kedermawanan and David Rockefeller philanthropy has been widely recognized as a major influence of this foundation. Gates and his father met with Rockefeller several times and imitate some of the ways of distribution at the focus of the Rockefeller family philanthropies, especially the global problems that are ignored by governments and organizations lain.Pada in 2007, Bill and Melinda Gates is the second most generous philanthropist in Amerka States, with donations to charity as much as $ 28 billion.
At the same time the foundation was criticized for investing the assets are not distributed with the exclusive purpose of maximizing investment pulangan. As a result, they include investment firms accused of exacerbating poverty in developing countries are actually trying to be reduced by the existence of this foundation. Their investments include companies that produce lots of pollution, and pharmaceutical companies that did not sell its products to countries berkembang.Sebagai response to criticism of the press, in 2007 the foundation has announced a review of all investments to assess the responsibility of this sosialnya.Yayasan then cancel the review and maintain an investment policy for pulangan maximum, and the use of voting rights to influence corporate practices.
Gates's wife invites the public to learn from family philanthropy efforts Salwen, who sold his house and donate half its value, as mentioned in the book The Power of Half. Gates and his wife Joan Salwen invited to Seattle to talk about things that are done by the family, and on December 9, 2010, Gates, investor Warren Buffett, and Mark Zuckerberg (Facebook CEO) signed a pledge that they called the "Gates-Buffet Giving Pledge ". Their contents are pledged to donate half their wealth to charity in stages.
Appreciation
In 1987, Gates was officially declared as a billionaire in page 400 Richest People in America by Forbes magazine, a few days before the birthday-32. As the youngest billionaire in the world of their own business, wealth reached $ 1.25 billion, $ 900 million more than the previous year, when he entered the first time in this list.
Time magazine named Gates as one of the 100 most influential people in the 20th century, and one of 100 most influential people in 2004, 2005, and 2006. Time also collectively named Gates, his wife Melinda and U2 lead singer Bono as Persons of the Year 2005 for their humanitarian efforts. In 2006, he was ranked eighth in the list of "Heroes of our time". Gates entered the Sunday Times list of the most powerful men in 1999, named CEO of the Year by Chief Executive Officers magazine in 1994, ranked first in the list of "Top 50 Cyber Elite "by Time in 1998, ranking second in the Upside Elite 100 in 1999 and described by The Guardian in the list of" Top 100 Influential people in media "in 2001.
In 1994, he was honored as a Distinguished Fellow at the 20th British Computer Society. Gates has received his doctorate from Nyenrode Business Universiteit respect, Breukelen, The Netherlands, on tahunn 2000; [83] Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden in 2002; was invited in 2003 to deliver lectures in front of the essence of the Golden Jubilee of Indian Institute of Technology, held in San Jose, California [85]; Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan on tahunn 2005; Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, in April 2007; [86] Harvard University in June 2007; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, in January 2008, [88] and Cambridge University in June 2009. He also made an honorary member in Peking University also awarded honorary degrees 2007.Gates Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) by Queen Elizabeth II in 2005. The entomologist also give the name of Bill Gates flower, Eristalis gatesi, as a mark of respect.
On November 2006, he and his wife were awarded the Order of the Aztec Eagle for their philanthropic activities worldwide in the fields of health and education, especially in Mexico, and precisely in the program "Un País de lectores". In October 2009, announced Gates was awarded the 2010 Bower Award for Business Leadership from the Franklin Institute for his achievements in business and filantropinya activity. In 2010, he received the Silver Buffalo Award from the Boy Scouts of America, the highest award for adults, for his services to the youth.
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