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| Giovanni Gronchi |
Giovanni Gronchi Biography
Giovanni Gronchi (10 September 1887-17 October 1978) is an Italian politician who became the second President of the Republic of Italy from 1955 to 1962, replacing Luigi Einaudi. His presidency was marked by a controversial and failed attempt to create an "openness to the left" in Italian politics.
Early life and political career
Gronchi was born in Pontedera, Tuscany, and is one of the first members of the Christian movement, founded the Catholic priest Don Romolo Murri in 1902. Gronchi get his first title in literature and philosophy at the Scuola Normale in Pisa. Between 1911 and 1915 he worked as a high school teacher for classical subjects in a number of Italian cities (Parma, Massa di Carrara, Bergamo and Monza).
In World War I he became a volunteer and after the war ended in 1919 he became one of the founders of Italian People's Party (PPI) are Catholic. He was elected to the parliament to Pisa in the second parliamentary elections in 1919 and 1921. He became a union leader in the Italian Confederation of Christian Workers, and in 1922-1923 he became Junior Minister for Industry and Commerce in Mussolini's first government. But in April 1923, the People's Party's national conference held in Turin decided to withdraw all government representatives from the PPI. He returned to his old role as the leader of the Catholic union, and trying to deal with the daily violence inflicted by fascist units.
In 1924, after Luigi Sturzo resigned from his post as Secretary of the PPI, Gronchi became leader of the party, together with two members of the "triumvirate" (triad) Other, (Spataro and Rodino). Gronchi was re-elected to Parliament in the same year, then joined the opposition anti fasisi of what is known as the Aventine movement (from the hills of Rome where the opposition to resign from Parliament). In 1926 he was fired by the new regime of parliament.
Between 1925 and 1943 he interrupted his career. To shy away from having a member of the Fascist Party, he also resigned from his position as a school teacher, and seek a living by developing a career in business, first as a salesman and later as an industrialist.
After World War II
In the 1943-1944 he became one of the founders of the Christian Democrats (DC) are new, and became a leader of the leftist faction, along with the likes of Giorgio La Pira, Giuseppe Dossetti and Enrico Mattei (later to become boss ENI , the Italian government-owned petrochemical giant). He is also a member of the Liberazione Comitato Nazionale, multi-party committee of the Italian Resistance, as the representative of his party.
Although often conflict with the majority of the members of his party and his secretary, Alcide De Gasperi, Gronchi served as Minister of Industry in 1944-1946 and as a member of the Constituent Assembly in 1946. In 1947, when the Cold War began, he was adamantly opposed to his party's decision to expel the party and the Socialist-Communist Parati Italy nasinoal of government. From 1948 until 1955 he was elected as President of the Italian House of Representatives (Lower House of Parliament).
President of Italy
In 1955 Luigi Einaudi tenure as the first President of the Republic of Italy ended, and Parliament must elect his successor. The new secretary DC, Amintore Fanfani, Cesare Merzagora promote a liberal for the job terseubt. At that time served as Chairman of the Senate Merzagora. However, the extreme right-wing party - led by Giuseppe Pella, Guido Gonella, Giulio Andreotti and Salvatore Scoca - join a trade union group left - led by Giovanni Pastore, Bo and Achille Giorgio Marazza - in a "rebellion" against the party leadership, to choose Giovanni Gronchi ("one parliament"). This effort has the support of Communist parties and the Socialists, and also of the right group of monarchists and neo-fassis. After a fierce struggle and the collapse of the front-centric, on 29 April 1955 Gronchi was elected President by 658 votes of 883. He was the first Catholic politician who became head of the Italian State.
His tenure lasted until 1962, and is characterized by the ambition to do the "openness to the left" in stages. With this approach, it is expected the Socialists and the Communist Party (which still Stalinists) will be invited back into the national government, and Italy would leave NATO, as well as being non-Bloc countries. But there is strong opposition from the parliament, particularly from the Liberal Party, a minor, which is considered an essential part of any majority.
In an effort to get out of this jam, in 1959 Gronchi appoint as Prime Minister a trusted member of the Catholic left-wing faction of his own, Fernando Tambroni, sent him to Parliament, with a "President", but without the majority of which have been terancang. But Tambroni was last in Parliament only through the support of the neo-fascist vote. "Openness to the left" that is not foreseen this raises serious consequences. In 1960 serious riots occurred in several Italian cities, especially in Genoa, Reggio Emilia and Licata. Police fired on demonstrators and causing five people menigngal world. Tambroni reign came to an end with the name of the defect: forced to resign, and replaced by a fully government dominated by Christian Democrats, the parliamentary majority that traditionally centrist.
Tambroni experiments which do not tarnish the reputation of this menggembirkan Gronchi forever, and until the end of his term he remains a weak president. In 1962 he tried to get a second mandate, with the strong help of Enrico Mattei, but this attempt failed and Antonio Segni elected. When he is no longer a head of state, he was a Senator for life, according to the Italian Constitution. He died in Rome on October 17, 1978 at an advanced age, 91 years old.
Consideration
For a thorough consideration of the historical period of his presidency, we must remember Tambroni failure, with his proposal for an authoritarian approach. But "openness to the left" as is memangt erjadi shortly after its mandate expires. Indeed, the first center-left coalition formed by Aldo Moro in 1964, when the Socialists (but excluding the Communists) entry into the government. In the 1970s, the Christian Democrats and the Communists tried to reach what is called Historic Compromise. Based on this, he may be praised for having the foresight that is important, and influences that affect long.
However, it is difficult to say that the political project actually closely related to the governments of the left-center which alternated in power between 1964 and 1992. In most of this period, the Communists increasingly kettat isolated than ever before, because of their defeat upon their former Socialist allies and because of the bitter conflict that followed them, especially after a Socialist leader Bettino Craxi. Pengaru-proven external influences come into play later as well. A Parliamentary report of 2000 concluded that illegal operations by Gladio "who stayed behind" supported by the U.S. are designed to "stop the PCI, and to some extent also the PSI (Italian Socialist Party), to elicit the executive power in the country. " After all, Italy to maintain the socio-economic structure as a market economy and foreign policy line.
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